<p>The Longwood Swallet is a cave near Charterhouse, in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. The cave is part of the Cheddar Complex SSSI and is connected to August Hole.</p><br>
<p>It is 1.65 km in length and reaches a depth of 175m.</p><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in September 1944 by boys from Sidcot School.</p><br>
<p>The picture shown is not the Longwood Swallet, it is Longwood Valley Sink.</p><br>
<p>Longwood Swallet&#39;s entrance is a lidded concrete block construction. A (non-free) picture of Longwood Swallet entrance is available</p><br>
<p>The cave is locked and access is controlled by the. There is a warning sign posted at the entrance to the cave about flooding. This has always been a problem, but is more pronounced due to the extraction of water from the spring at Charterhouse. When the pumps owned by Bristol Water stop this can cause a flood wave to travel down the stream and into the cave.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Johnsen Rooming House is an historic building near downtown Sycamore, Illinois. The red brick structure stands in the 100 block of South Main Street and is considered a contributing structure to the overall historic integrity of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Very little is known about the building&#39;s namesake, Peter Johnsen. Constructed sometime between 1862 and 1876 the Johnsen Rooming House served as a boarding house from its construction until sometime in the 1970s, when it was converted for use as apartments. It is known that in the early 20th century a couple with the surname Heidikelin owned and operated the boarding house. They were remembered for their meals which were said to regularly attract townsfolk to the rooming house.</p><br>
<p>The Conrad Weiser Homestead was the home of Johann Conrad Weiser, who enlisted the Iroquois on the British side in the French and Indian War. The home is located near Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pennsylvania in the United States. A designated National Historic Landmark, it is currently administered as a historic house museum by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. The historic site was established in 1923 to preserve an example of a colonial homestead and to honor Weiser, an important figure in the settlement of the colonial frontier.</p><br>
<p>The site includes period buildings and an orientation exhibit on a 26 acre landscaped park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. The park features walking and hiking paths, meadows, groves and a pond. The park contains statues of Conrad Weiser and of Shikellamy, an Onondaga chief who befriended Weiser and helped him keep the peace on the frontier of colonial Pennsylvania. The Friends of the Conrad Weiser Homestead assist in operating the programs.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1729 of native limestone. It was expanded several times over the years but it does include an original single room with fireplace and bake oven and a second room that Weiser added to his home in 1750. The home is decorated with many of the furnishings and household tools that were most common during the frontier era. A family cemetery behind the house is the final resting place of Weiser, his wife Anna and many friendly Indian Chiefs.</p><br>
<h2>The life of Conrad Weiser</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Conrad Weiser was born in 1696 in the small village of Affstätt in Herrenberg, in the Duchy of Württemberg (now part of Germany), where his father (also John Conrad Weiser), as a member of the Württemberg Blue Dragoons, was stationed. Soon after Conrad&#39;s birth, his father received a discharge from the Blue Dragoons and moved back to the family ancestral home of Gross Aspach. Fever claimed the life of his mother, Anna Magdalena, in 1709 after war, pestilence, and an unusually cold and long winter ravaged the lands. Wallace notes that Conrad Weiser (senior) wrote for his children, "Buried beside Her Ancestors, she was a god-fearing woman and much loved by Her neighbors. Her motto was Jesus I live for thee, I die for thee, thine am I in life and death."</p><br>
<p>His family moved to the frontier town of Schochary, New York by 1710 at the expense of Queen Anne. There the German immigrants were placed into indentured servitude, as per a signed agreement, to burn tar to pay for the journey.</p><br>
<p>When he was only 16, Weisers father agreed to a chiefs proposal for him to live with the Mohawks in the upper Schoharie Valley. During his stay with them in the winter and spring of 1712-1713, Weiser endured hardships of cold, hunger and homesickness, but he learned a great deal about the Mohawk language and the customs of the Iroquois. Conrad Weiser returned to his own people towards the end of July 1713.</p><br>
<p>On November 22, 1720, at the age of 24, he married a young German girl, Anna Eve Feck. In 1723 the couple followed the Susquehanna River south and settled their young family on a farm in Tulpehocken near present-day Reading, Pennsylvania. The couple had fourteen children, but only seven reached adulthood.</p><br>
<h3>Service to Pennsylvania</h3><br>
<p>Weiser&#39;s colonial service began in 1731. The Iroquois sent Shikellamy, an Oneida chief, as an emissary to other tribes and the British. Shikellamy lived on the Susquehanna River at Shamokin village, near present-day Sunbury, Pennsylvania and Shikellamy State Park. An oral tradition holds that Weiser met Shikellamy while hunting. In any case, the two became friends. When Shikellamy traveled to Philadelphia for a council with the Province of Pennsylvania, he brought Weiser with him. The Iroquois trusted him and considered him an adopted son of the Mohawks. Weiser impressed the Pennsylvania governor and council, which thereafter relied heavily on his services. Weiser also interpreted in a follow-up council in Philadelphia in August, 1732.</p><br>
<p>During the treaty in Philadelphia of 1736, Shikellamy, Weiser and the Pennsylvanians negotiated a deed whereby the Iroquois sold the land drained by the Delaware River and south of the Blue Mountains. Since the Iroquois had never until then laid claim to this land, this purchase represented a significant swing in Pennsylvanian policy toward the Native Americans. William Penn had never taken sides in disputes between tribes, but by this purchase, the Pennsylvanians were favoring the Iroquois over the Lenape. Along with the Walking Purchase of the following year, his treaty exacerbated Pennsylvania-Lenape relations. The results of this policy shift would help induce the Lenape to side with the French during the French and Indian Wars, which would result in many colonial deaths. It did, however, help induce the Iroquois to continue to side with the British over the French.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1737, Weiser attempted to broker a peace between southern tribes and the Iroquois. Having survived high snow, freezing temperatures and starvation rations during the six-week journey to the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, he managed to convince the Iroquois not to send any war parties in the spring, but he failed to convince them to send emissaries to parlay with the southern tribes. Impressed with his fortitude in the pursuit of peace, the Iroquois named Weiser "Tarachiawagon", or "Holder of the Heavens." Spill-over violence from a war between the Iroquois and southern tribes such as the Catawba would have drawn first Virginia, and then Pennsylvania, into conflict with the Iroquois. Therefore this peace-brokering had a profound effect on Native American/colonial relations.</p><br>
<p>In 1742, he interpreted at a treaty with the Iroquois at Philadelphia, at which time they were paid for the land purchased in 1736. During this council, the Onondaga chief Canasatego castigated the Lenape for engaging in land sales, and ordered them to remove their settlements to either the Wyoming Valley or Shamokin village. This accelerated the Lenape migration to the Ohio Valley, which had begun as early as the 1720s. There, they would be positioned to trade with the French, and launch raids as far east as the Susquehanna River during the French and Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>In 1744, Weiser acted as the interpreter for the Treaty of Lancaster, between representatives of the Iroquois and the colonies of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. During the final day of the treaty, on 1744-07-04, Canasatego, the Onondaga chief, spoke of the Iroquois concepts of political unity:</p><br>
<p>"Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations. This has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy; and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall out with one another."</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin printed this speech, which influenced American concepts of political unity.</p><br>
<p>Significantly, after the Treaty of Lancaster, both Virginia and Pennsylvania acted as if the Iroquois had sold them the rights to the Ohio Valley, but the Iroquois did not believe they had done so.</p><br>
<p>In 1748, Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser to Logstown, a council and trade village on the Ohio River. Here he held council with chiefs representing 10 tribes, including Lenape and Shawnee, and the Iroquois. He arrived at a treaty of friendship between Pennsylvania and these tribes. Threatened by this development and the continued activity of British traders in the Ohio valley, the French redoubled their diplomatic efforts and began to build a string of forts, culminating in Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburgh, in 1754.</p><br>
<p>In 1750, he traveled again to Onondaga, he found the political dynamics in the Six Nations had shifted. Canasatego, always pro-British, had died. Several Iroquois tribes were leaning toward the French, although the Mohawks remained pro-British.</p><br>
<p>Early in the summer of 1754, on the eve of the French and Indian War, Weiser was a member of a Pennsylvania delegation to Albany. London had invoked the meeting, hoping to win assurances of Iroquois support in the looming war with the French. Present were representatives of the Iroquois and seven colonies. Because of divisions within both the British and Native American ranks, the council did not result in the treaty of support that the crown desired. Instead, each colony made the best deal it could with individual Iroquois leaders. Weiser was able to negotiate one of the more successful, in which some lower-level chiefs deeded to the colony most of the land remaining in present-day Pennsylvania, including the southwestern part, still claimed by Virginia.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, Weiser was appointed along with Ben Franklin to construct a series of forts between the Delaware River and the Susquehana River.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1758, Weiser attended a council at Easton. Representation included leaders from Pennsylvania, the Iroquois and other Native American tribes. Weiser helped smooth over the tense meeting. With the Treaty of Easton, the tribes in the Ohio Valley agreed to abandon the French. This collapse of Native American support was a factor in the French decision to demolish Fort Duquesne and withdraw from the Forks of the Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this decades-long career, Weisers knowledge of Native American languages and culture made him a key player in treaty negotiations, land purchases, and the formulation of Pennsylvanias policies towards Native Americans. Because of his early experiences with the Iroquois, Weiser was inclined to be sympathetic to their interpretation of events, as opposed to the Lenape or the Shawnee. This may have exacerbated Pennsylvanian-Lenape/Shawnee relations, with bloody consequences in the French and Indian Wars. Nevertheless, for many years, he helped to keep the powerful Iroquois, or Six Nations, allied with the British as opposed to the French. This important service contributed to the continued survival of the British colonies and the eventual victory of the British over the French in the French and Indian Wars.</p><br>
<h3>Conrad Weiser Homestead</h3><br>
<p>The Conrad Weiser Homestead is a Pennsylvania state historic site located in Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pennsylvania which interprets the life of Conrad Weiser. Weiser was an 18th-century German immigrant who served as an Indian interpreter and who helped coordinate Pennsylvanias Indian policy. He played a major role in the history of colonial Pennsylvania. The Conrad Weiser Homestead is located on Rt. 422, within easy driving distance of Philadelphia, Lancaster, Hershey and Harrisburg. The Conrad Weiser Homestead includes period buildings, and a new orientation exhibit, on a 26 acre Olmsted-designed landscaped park. Conrad Weiser’s historical contributions to Pennsylvania simply cannot be overlooked. Weiser was predominantly responsible for negotiating every major treaty between the colonial settlers in Pennsylvania and the Iroquois Nations from 1731 until 1758. In addition to serving as one of the most knowledgeable and successful liaisons between the Indian and the colonist, Weiser was chiefly responsible for both the settlement of the town of Reading, Pennsylvania and the establishment of Berks County. Finally, in 1755, Weiser organized a local militia to quell Indian uprisings during the American phase of the Seven Years War, and was appointed Colonel of the First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment a year later. Exempting some Berks County locals and various individuals with genealogical ties to this man, few are conscious about the relevance, let alone the existence, of Conrad Weiser. Weiser was born in Astaat, Germany in 1696. His family migrated to America in 1710, settling in New York State. It was in this vicinity where he initially gained contact with the Iroquois Nations. At the age of fifteen he voluntarily decided to live amidst the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois. Conrad attained significant knowledge of the not only the language but also the customs and traditions of the Mohawk tribe, which proved invaluable later in his career. For example, Weiser was one of the few Indian/Colonial interpreters who comprehended the overwhelming significance of the use of Wampum in conducting matters of diplomacy with the Iroquois. Weiser moved to the Tulpehocken area in Pennsylvania in 1729, erecting a house upon a farmstead that would eventually contain 890 acre of land. Weiser’s knowledge of the Iroquois was immediately employed, as an Oneida Iroquois, Shikellamy, enlisted Weiser’s abilities as a diplomat to negotiate a series of land ownership treaties between the Pennsylvania colonists and the Indians. Weiser was able to maintain fairly stable relations between the Pennsylvania government and the Iroquois Nation during the 1730s and 1740s. Weiser’s success in mediating Indian/Colonial politics established a tremendous ethos of credibility in the eyes of the Pennsylvania Government. Weiser was appointed Lancaster County Magistrate in 1741, thrusting him into his first “official” role in colonial government. He continued to negotiate territorial matters with the Indians in this position. Then in 1748, Weiser was named one of the commissioners of the town of Reading, in which he bought a plot of land and built a second house. Weiser made several journeys to New York and Central Pennsylvania to attend to matters of Iroquois diplomacy. However, by 1752, Weiser had grown rather exhausted in negotiating with the Indians, and decided to attend to local affairs. Weiser desired to establish a separate county from Lancaster in which the town of Reading would be located. His wish was granted, as the county of Berks was created in 1752. Additionally, Weiser was appointed the county’s first justice of the peace. The American segment of the Seven Years&#39; War erupted in 1754. An incident in 1755 known as the “Penn’s Creek Massacre” left several colonials dead and many others missing in the wake of Indian attacks in northern Pennsylvania. In response to this uprising, Weiser was placed in charge of a local militia in the Tulpehocken region. Then in 1756, Weiser was appointed Colonel of the First Pennsylvania Regiment. Until 1758, he spent most of his time riding between Forts Northkill, Lebanon, and Henry in Berks County as well as other forts under his charge. Weiser conducted his final substantial contribution to Indian/Colonial diplomacy in 1758, negotiating the Treaty of Easton, which concluded the vast majority of Indian insurrection in the eastern third of Pennsylvania. He retired to his house in Reading after completion of this treaty and expired in 1760. Weiser’s body currently resides in a family burial plot to the west of what was believed to have been his house in the Tulpehocken area.</p><br>
<h3>Other careers</h3><br>
<p>Between 1734 and 1741, Weiser became a follower of Conrad Beissel, a German Seventh Day Baptist preacher. For six years, he lived at the monastic settlement, Ephrata Cloister, in the Ephrata Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His wife lived there only a few months before returning to their farm. Weiser would visit her frequently enough, however, to father four more children. In addition, he took leaves of absence for diplomatic duties, such as those in 1736 and 1737. Weiser left the cloister in 1741 after becoming disenchanted with the leadership of Beissel and returned to the Lutheran faith of his father.</p><br>
<p>In addition, he followed a mixed career as a farmer, land owner and speculator, tanner, and merchant. He created the plan for the city of Reading in 1748, was a key figure in the creation of Berks County in 1752 and served as its Justice of the Peace until 1760. Conrad was also teacher and a lay minister of the Lutheran Church, and founded Trinity Church in Reading.</p><br>
<p>In 1756, during the French and Indian War, the Lenape began with raids into central Pennsylvania. As Pennsylvania organized a militia, Conrad was made a Lt. Colonel. Working with Benjamin Franklin, he planned and established a series of forts between the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. When General Forbes evicted the French from Fort Duquesne in 1758, the threat subsided.</p><br>
<h2>Possible museum closure</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), proposed to close this and several other historic properties because of a budget deficit and relatively few paying visitors. Funding was cut in 2009, and several buildings closed.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the buildings are opened on the first Sunday of every month, based on an agreement between the PHMC and the site&#39;s Friends. The park areas are open from dawn to dusk every day.</p><br>
<p>The Brick Castle of William Bull III, an early settler of the region, is located on a hill overlooking the Wallkill River in the Town of Wallkill in Orange County, New York. It was built by Bull sometime in the 1780s. Bull and his son William IV, on returning home from serving with Gen. George Washingtons campaign against the British, had been impressed with the buildings of Baltimore and other Atlantic seaports visited during his military service. The title of Brick Castle, is shared among a few early brick homes constructed in the area around the same time. Bull, himself a stonemason by trade, decided upon arriving home to build a brick homestead. He is also known for having constructed Gen. Washingtons headquarters at Newburgh, NY.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>Most of the materials for Brick Castle were taken from the land around the farm, including the clay. Ostensibly the brick kilns were built on site, however, remains have to yet to be recovered. A New York State Historical Register sign on the site states that the building was constructed "for a price of $800.00." This statement has never been historically verified, nor are we certain as to what construction costs actually covered. The original homestead was a timber cabin with stone foundations. No portions of the original structure are visible presently. William Bulls descendants were dairy farmers, and the property was maintained as a dairy farm until 1964. Only one other historic structure, an 1830s carriage house, remains on the property. The other outbuildings were destroyed in by fire in 1964. Six generations of the family have lived there and it remains a private residence for Bulls descendants today.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 25, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Breakneck Creek is a tributary of Connoquenessing Creek that flows in a northwardly direction in Western Pennsylvania. It forms in the village of Bakerstown in Allegheny County then flows northwest through the borough of Valencia in Butler County.</p><br>
<p>From there, it continues north through the boroughs of Mars, Callery, and Evans City. Breakneck flows a few more miles until it reaches the village of Eidenau where it flows into Connoquenessing Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The only known train station to span a waterway was located in Evans City. The Evans City Station was constructed on a platform above Breakneck in downtown. This structure was included in the Ripley&#39;s Believe It or Not! archive. The building is no longer standing.</p><br>
<p>Golden Ears is the name of the summit that lies north of Maple Ridge, British Columbia and is visible from most of the western Lower Mainland. The mountain is in Golden Ears Provincial Park, and was originally referred to as Golden Eyries,</p><br>
<p>possibly for Golden Eagles that were observed near the summit. There is confusion about the name, because of the twin summits the peak exhibits. Many people believe that the mountain is named because it looks like ears which become golden in the sunset light.</p><br>
<p>The area encompassing Golden Ears, Edge Peak and Blanshard Peak (Blanshard Needle) was originally called The Golden Eyries, and the name was corrupted to Golden Ears. The similarity of the 1,716 m peak with the double summit to ears led people to believe that this mountain had the name Golden Ears. In the 1930s or 1940s the government of the day renamed the entire area to Mount Blanshard, and gave Edge Peak its name, named the southernmost summit Blanshard Peak, and conferred the official name Golden Ears to the 1,716 m peak with the twin summit.</p><br>
<p>Current editions of the NTC map 92G/07 and 92G/08 have the label Mount Blanchard since the Golden Ears group lies on the border between these two maps.</p><br>
<p>People in the Lower Mainland have always referred to the area, the park and the peak as Golden Ears.</p><br>
<p>Agios Vlasios  is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Artemida, Magnesia, Greece. Agios Vlasios is situated on the slopes of mount Pelion, 1.5 km west of Agios Georgios Nileias, 2 km northeast of Ano Lechonia and 11 km east of Volos. Its population in 2011 was 515. The name comes from the church of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The community Agios Vlasios consists of the following villages:</p><br>
<p>Agios Vlasios</p><br>
<p>Malaki</p><br>
<p>Palaiokastro</p><br>
<p>Strofilos</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Turkish Era, the village Palaiokastro which is located between Ano Lechonia and Agios Vlasios was inhabited by Turks. After Thessaly joined Greece in 1881 Agios Vlasios (then Karampasi) became a part of the municipality of Nileia. In 1912, it became an independent community. In 1997, Agios Vlasios became a part of the municipality of Artemida which has its seat at nearby Ano Lechonia. In 2010 Artemida became part of the municipality of Volos.</p><br>
<p>East Branch Clarion River Lake, or East Branch Lake is a reservoir at Elk State Park in Elk County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It was constructed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers by damming the East Branch of the Clarion River. Construction of the rolled earth, impervious core dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944. The lake is one of sixteen flood control projects administered by the Pittsburgh District of the Army Corps of Engineers. East Branch Clarion River Lake helps to provide flood protection for the Clarion River valley and the lower portions of the Allegheny River and the upper portions of the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>The dam is 7.3 mi upstream from the confluence of the East and West branches of the Clarion River. It was constructed in 1952 for $9 million and serves a 72.4 mi² (187 km²) drainage area. It is estimated that East Branch Clarion River Lake has prevented $81 million in damage. The dam was especially important in curtailing damage during the 1972 floods caused by Hurricane Agnes.</p><br>
<p>East Branch Clarion River Lake also serves recreational purposes. Controlled releases of water during the dry summer months help to improve water quality and quantity for industrial and domestic uses. These releases of the lake waters also improve navigation on the rivers and enhance aquatic life.</p><br>
<p>East Branch Clarion River Lake is a destination for both fisherman and recreational boaters. The lake is home to cold water fishing for walleye, smallmouth bass, muskellunge, brook, lake, rainbow and brown trout. The creeks of the park are stocked by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. There is a native brook trout population in some of the smaller streams of the park. There is no limit on the horsepower of the boats. All boats are required to have current registration with any state. Ice fishing and ice boating are common winter activities on East Branch Clarion River Lake.</p><br>
<p>The land in the vicinity of the dam is managed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The remainder of the land surrounding the lake is administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources as Elk State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Alabama Constitution Village, also known as Constitution Hall Park, is a historical open-air museum in Huntsville, Alabama, that reenacts life in 1819. The eight buildings include a law office, print shop, land surveyors office, post office, cabinetmakers shop and residence. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on October 31, 1975.</p><br>
<p>On July 5, 1819, in the vacant cabinet shop, forty-four delegates came together from the Constitutional convention to inaugurate Alabama as the twenty-second state. The Alabama Constitution Village is part of the Earlyworks Museum Complex, along with the Huntsville Depot and EarlyWorks Children&#39;s History Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Alabama Constitution Village hosts an annual Santa&#39;s Village event which was named the Alabama event of the Year in 2006. In 2004 and 2005 the event was cited as a Top 20 event by the Southeastern Tourism Society.</p><br>
<p>The Monadhliath Mountains , or Monadh Liath, are a range of mountains in Scotland. Monadh Liath is Scottish Gaelic, and means "grey mountain range". Running in a northeast to southwest direction, it lies on the western side of Strathspey, to the west of the Cairngorms and to the south east of Loch Ness. Its southwestern limit is usually taken to be Corrieyairack Pass  but similar uplands continue to Glen Roy and Spean Bridge. The range is within the Highland council area, and the south and east fringes are within the Cairngorms National Park. The high point of the range is Càrn Dearg, at 945 m, located 40 km south of Inverness. This is one of four Munros in the Monadhliath, the others being A&#39;Chailleach , Geal Chàrn , and Càrn Sgulain . The Monadhliath Mountains are designated a Special Area of Conservation </p><br>
<p>The Monadh Liath differs greatly in character from the greater Highland mountains to south and west, as an elevated moorland with no proper ridges. The four Munros are all on the Spey rim, three making a classic circuit from Newtonmore; the interior is rarely visited. The main valley within the Monadh Liath is the Findhorn. It is unusually sinuous, being an incised meandering river valley very little altered by glaciers.</p><br>
<p>The landscape of the Monadh Liath is one of the most ancient in Britain, its essentials as a secondary massif flanking the Cairngorms having evolved continuously since the Caledonian Mountains were created over 400 million years ago. Thus the land surface still slopes gently northwest towards the Great Glen, away from the main Grampian divide which crosses the Cairngorms.</p><br>
<p>Although icesheets have repeatedly covered the Monadh Liath, they have done little to change its character: there are no corries away from the Munros fringe, and only a few short glaciated troughs, notably Glen Killin on the north. It has just become recognised that thin ice on the plateau is frozen to the ground, but as it starts to flow into the troughs it thickens, accelerates, and warms up so it can erode and enlarge them. This has occurred as recently as the very last (Younger Dryas) glacial period ~12000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Until the last few years, the Monadh Liath interior was remote and desolate, a naturally treeless and largely trackless wilderness, one of the last large tracts of wild land in human terms at least, known only to a few deer and grouse enthusiasts. The renewable energy gold rush has already led to the Glendoe hydro-electric scheme above Fort Augustus. The actual reservoir and dam are not unduly intrusive, but the extensive network of heavy-duty access roads to service all the weirs diverting water into the catchment have altered the remotenerss and wildness factors. They will also facilitate very large wind energy projects, which are encouraged by the proximity of the high-capacity Beauly-Denny power transmission line over Corrieyairack Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Cheam Range  is a mountain range in the Fraser Valley region of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia near the city of Chilliwack. The region is also a part of the Skagit Range of the Canadian Cascades and contains many rugged peaks.</p><br>
<p>The western peaks in the range - Cheam, Lady, Baby Munday and Stewart, are known in areas of the Fraser Valley where they are visible, as the "Four Sisters". The eastern peaks in the range are referred to as the Lucky Four Group because of their proximity to the abandoned Lucky Four Mine; the glacier in the cirque formed by Welch and Foley is called the Lucky Four Glacier. Foley, Welch and Stewart commemorate partners in Foley, Welch and Stewart, an important contractor in early British Columbia responsible for building the Pacific Great Eastern Railway and other projects.</p><br>
<p>The highest point is the Welch Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Cheam Peak</p><br>
<p>Lady Peak</p><br>
<p>Knight Peak</p><br>
<p>Baby Munday</p><br>
<p>Stewart Peak</p><br>
<p>The Still</p><br>
<p>Welch Peak</p><br>
<p>Foley Peak</p><br>
<p>The Jim Jim Falls  is a plunge waterfall on the Jim Jim Creek that descends over the Arnhem Land escarpment within the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Jim Jim Falls area is registered on the Australian National Heritage List.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall descends from an elevation of 259 m above sea level via one drop that ranges in height between 140 and into a plunge pool within the creek. The falls are located near the eastern boundary of the national park and 28 km south of. In the dry season, access from the Kakadu Highway is possible via a 60 km gravel road, with the final 11 km suitable for four-wheel drive vehicles only. However, during much of this period the falls dry up and do not flow. In the wet season when the falls are at their most spectacular, it is impossible to drive any vehicle into the area and are best viewed from the air together with the nearby Twin Falls.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that 140 million years ago much of Kakadu was under a shallow sea. The prominent escarpment wall formed sea cliffs and the Arnhem Land plateau formed a flat land above the sea. Today the escarpment, which rises to 330 m above the plains, extends over 500 km along the eastern side of the national park and into Arnhem Land. It varies from vertical cliffs in the Jim Jim Falls area to stepped cliffs and isolated outliers in the north.</p><br>
<p>Buntzen Lake is a</p><br>
<p>long lake in Anmore, British Columbia, Canada, in the Greater Vancouver area. It is named after the first general manager of the B.C. Electric Co., Johannes Buntzen. There is a smaller lake just to the north named McCombe Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Buntzen lake used to be named Trout Lake, and was also called Lake Beautiful,</p><br>
<p>and was renamed to Buntzen Lake in 1905 at the opening of the tunnel to Coquitlam Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the lake was used to power Vancouver&#39;s first hydroelectric plant the Buntzen Powerhouse. A tunnel was excavated through Eagle Mountain from Coquitlam Lake to Buntzen Lake. Coquitlam Lake was dammed, and water flowed through the tunnel to Buntzen Lake, and from there, through an outlet at the north end of the lake to two power generating stations on Indian Arm. The first, Powerhouse No 1 built in 1903, and the second 300M away, Powerhouse No 2 built in 1914. At 49.370573&deg; latitude, -122.873783&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Buntzen Lake is also used in another power generating plant, Burrard Generating Station, a gas-powered plant, where water is used to produce steam for the generators.</p><br>
<p>The area around the lake is managed by BC Hydro as a recreation site and visitors can swim, fish, hike, and boat on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>There are many trails on or around the Lake. The recreation area has been a very good example of multiple use, allowing Hikers, Mountain Bikers and Equestrians to use the trails together. Most of the trails extend from the recreation area into Indian Arm Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Dogs on a leash are permitted on all trails at Buntzen Lake. There are also two designated off-leash areas, one of which includes an off-leash beach area, and an off-leash trail.</p><br>
<p>Some trails include:</p><br>
<h3>The Halvor Lunden Trail (Eagle Ridge)</h3><br>
<p>The Halvor Lunden Trail is named for a local prolific trail builder and maintaineer who built many of the trails around Bunsen Lake in the 1980s and 90s. The trail is composed of the Lindsay Lake Loop, Swan Falls Loop and Dilly Dally Loop (described below).</p><br>
<h3>Lindsay Lake Loop</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 6–8 hours return. Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>This is the most popular of the three Halvor Lunden trails. It passes thought ancient mountain forests and has a number of viewpoints from which overlook Vancouver. The trailhead is on Powerhouse Road, near the southeast corner of the South Beach parking area, and takes you up a steep climb of over 700m, passing the Polytrichum Lookout before reaching the "Lake district" which includes several small lakes and the larger Lindsay Lake.</p><br>
<h3>Swan Falls Loop</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 8–10 hours return. Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>The Swan Falls trailhead starts at the north end of Buntzen lake near North Beach. It is very steep in places and is only recommended for experienced and fit hikers. This trail forks into a number of trails between El Paso Junction and Lindsay Junction. The different trails give hikers the option of seeing the old growth forest of Eagle Ridge or pass by a number of tarns. North of Lindsay Junction is Eagle Peak with views of Mount Baker, Vancouver Island, the Fraser Valley, the Coquitlam watershed, Mount Seymour Provincial Park, and Indian Arm. Swan Falls was named for Gordon Swan by Dr. Simon Priest. Both were instrumental in trail building at Buntzen in the late 1970s on behalf of the Simon Fraser University Outdoor Club.</p><br>
<h3>Dilly Dally Loop</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 10–12 hours return. Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>This trail through high mountain forests is recommended for experienced and fit hikers only. The trailhead is located north of the Swan Falls trailhead, and takes the hiker further north to the Croker Lookout where there are fine views of the north end of Indian Arm, before climbing steeply to the top of Eagle Ridge. The trail continues south along the ridge over the 1200m Dill Dally peak before joining the Swan Falls trail.</p><br>
<h3>Buntzen Lake Trail</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 4–5 hours return. Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>This loop trail circles Buntzen Lake starting at Buntzen Creek Bridge at the east side of South Beach.</p><br>
<h3>Energy Trail</h3><br>
<p>This loop around the wooded knoll southwest of the South Beach boat launch includes views of Buntzen Lake and interpretive displays along the trail.</p><br>
<h3>Diez Vistas Trail</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 6–8 hours return. Distance: (one way). Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>The name of this trail, "ten views" in Spanish, refers to the many views of Vancouver area waterways and mountains visible from this trail.</p><br>
<h3>Bear Claw, Saddle Ridge, Horseshoe Trails</h3><br>
<p>These trails form loops in the cedar and hemlock forests on the steep slopes at the south west slopes of Buntzen Lake, providing access to the Diez Vistas Trail and the trail to Sasamat Lake.</p><br>
<h3>Lakeview Trail</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 5–6 hours return. Distance: (one way). Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>Portions of this trail are very steep. Equestrians and mountain bike riders should only use this trail if experienced in steep mountain terrain riding. Providing an alternative route along Buntzen Lake&#39;s western shore, this trail weaves its way along Pumphouse Road from the main entrance gate, then connects with the transmission line heading north before slipping into the dense forest that enfolds Buntzen Ridge. The trail ends where it joins the Old Buntzen Lake Trail near North Beach. This trail is opened to equestrians and mountain bike riders.</p><br>
<h3>Academy Trail</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 2–2.5 hours (one way). Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>This trail through fern-filled forests is open to equestrians and mountain bike riders.</p><br>
<h3>Old Buntzen Lake Trail</h3><br>
<p>Hiking time: 45 minutes (one way). Distance:. Elevation gain:.</p><br>
<p>This trail was used to circumnavigate Buntzen Lake before the suspension bridge was built which the new Buntzen Lake Trail traverses.</p><br>
<h3>Eagle Bluff Trail</h3><br>
<p>Leads up from the Academy Trail to Vista Point, a viewpoint overlooking the lake. Confusingly named the same as Eagleridge Bluffs in West Vancouver.</p><br>
<h3>White Rock Trail</h3><br>
<p>Leads from El Paso Junction on the Halvor Lunden Trail to the old logging road network on Eagle Ridge. A viewpoint partway along the trail overlooks Coquitlam.</p><br>
<h2>Movie roles</h2><br>
<p>The use of Buntzen Lake in movies has been prolific. Appearances include</p><br>
<p>Lake Placid (1999)</p><br>
<p>The X-Files episodes 1x04 "Conduit" and 3x22 "Quagmire"</p><br>
<p>Highlander</p><br>
<p>Hot Rod</p><br>
<p>Freddy vs. Jason</p><br>
<p>Devour</p><br>
<p>The Blair Witch Project</p><br>
<p>The local community has also been used. A very famous Victorian House, a main set for the Daryl Hannah/Steve Martin movie Roxanne is located on Sugar Mountain Way. It was also used in the Valerie Harper/Gerald McRaney movie The People Across the Lake.</p><br>
<p>Roxanne (1987)</p><br>
<p>The People Across the Lake (1988)</p><br>
<p>Pathfinder</p><br>
<p>Smallville episode 5x04 Aqua</p><br>
<p>Supernatural episode 1x03 Dead in the Water</p><br>
<p>Dark Angel</p><br>
<p>Three O&#39;Clock (2005)</p><br>
<p>It (1990) by Stephen King</p><br>
<p>The 4400</p><br>
<p>Eureka</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>American black bear</p><br>
<p>White-tail deer</p><br>
<p>American crow</p><br>
<p>Coyote</p><br>
<p>Squirrel</p><br>
<p>Trout</p><br>
<p>Cougar</p><br>
<p>Bobcat</p><br>
<p>Otter</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Ferns</p><br>
<p>Stinging nettle</p><br>
<p>Skunk cabbage</p><br>
<p>Western red cedar</p><br>
<p>Hemlock</p><br>
<p>Douglas fir</p><br>
<p>Alder</p><br>
<p>Lake Victoria is a 139 hectare shallow saline lake on the Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria in Australia, close to the township of Point Lonsdale and part of the Lonsdale Lakes Nature Reserve administered by Parks Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The lake is separated from Bass Strait by a narrow strip of coastal dunes. It forms part of the Swan Bay wetland system of shallow marine areas and lagoons, and is an important wetland for waterbirds and waders.</p><br>
<p>The site is part of the Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International. Birds of conservation significance for which the lake and its surrounds are important include the hooded plover, little egret and orange-bellied parrot. It sometimes holds internationally significant numbers of red-necked stints and banded stilts.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Mountain, also known as Eagle Ridge, is the mountainous ridge with many indistinct summits between Buntzen Lake and Coquitlam Lake near Coquitlam, British Columbia. Its proximity to Coquitlam, and the houses being built on its southern slopes , make it a very popular weekend destination for hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and ATV riding. There is a network of logging roads leading up the south side of the summit to a plateau area with lakes, hiking trails and mountain biking trails.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the Vancouver Power Company (now BC Hydro) built a 3.6 km long, 1.2 km deep tunnel under Eagle Mountain from Coquitlam Lake to Buntzen Lake to supply water to Vancouver&#39;s first hydroelectric power plant on Indian Arm. This tunnel, and the power plants on Indian Arm are still operational.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Mountain is in Indian Arm Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Agasthyarkoodam is a 1,868 m-tall peak within Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala in the Western Ghats of South India. The peak lies inside Kerala near the border with Tamil Nadu. This peak is a part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve which lies on the border between the Indian states of Kerala  and Tamil Nadu . The perennial Thamirabarani River originates from the eastern side of the range and flows into the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<p>Agasthyarkoodam is a pilgrimage centre for devotees of the Hindu sage Agastya, who is considered to be one of the seven rishis (Saptarishi) of Hindu Puranas. The Tamil language is considered to be a boon from Agasthya. There is a full-sized statue of Agathiyar at the top of the peak and the devotees can offer pujas themselves.</p><br>
<p>Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is among 20 new sites added by UNESCO to its World Network of Biosphere Reserves in March 2016. The International Co-ordinating Council added the new sites during a two-day meeting on March 19, 2016 in Lima, bringing the total number of biosphere reserves to 669 sites in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Agasthyarkoodam is 32 km from Neyyar Dam and 23 km from Bonacaud, near Ponmudi. The major city and airport nearest to Agasthyarkoodam is Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and its Trivandrum International Airport, around 61 km away. The nearest railway station is Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. The trekking path, nearly 35 km, is from Bonacaud.</p><br>
<p>Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve is part of the Agasthyarkoodam range. Part of the peak can be seen from the Upper Kodayar region.</p><br>
<p>Other major rivers which originate from the mountain are the Karamana River, which flows through the Thiruvananthapuram district and is the major source of drinking water to the city, and the Neyyar River (also in the Thiruvananthapuram district).</p><br>
<h2>Trekking routes</h2><br>
<p>The peak of Agasthyarkoodam can be reached only by trekking up to it. Trekking is allowed based on strict guidelines and is open to pilgrims during January to mid-March. Trekking passes are issued by Kerala Forest Department from the district office at Trivandrum. The trekking route starts from Bonacaud. The route "Neyyar-Agasthyakoodam" is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Vehicles reach only till Bonacaud which is around 50 km from Thiruvananthapuram. The trek to the peak is 28 km long from Bonacaud and requires two days. The first part of the trek can be started from the base station Bonacaud in the early morning and is 20 km through the forest to the camp. Elephants and wild bulls are in abundance in this part especially in the evenings. The final part i.e. the 8 km long trek can be done from the camp to the top of Agathyakoodam mountain on the second day.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The lower elevations of this peak are known for their abundance of rare herbs and medicinal plants. Around 2,000 medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic treatments are found here. Europeans, particularly those from England, were the first to establish tea gardens around the base stations of the mountain at Brimore, Bonacaud, and Ponmudi.</p><br>
<p>The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve harbours rare flora and fauna. Tourists are permitted to the area only with permission from the forest department of Kerala. Annual trekking passes to the peak are issued from the forest department during January–February only.</p><br>
<h2>Important places</h2><br>
<h3>Manjolai Hills</h3><br>
<p>Between elevations ranging from 1000 to 1500 metres, the Manjolai area is set deep within the Western Ghats within the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar Dam and the Manimuthar Water Falls, the Manjolai area has tea plantations, small settlements around the tea plantations, Upper Kodaiyar Dam, and a windy view point called Kuthiravetti.</p><br>
<p>The tea plantations and the whole of Manjolai Estates are operated by the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd on forest lands leased by the singampatti zamin. There are three tea estates in the Manjolai area &mdash; Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate, and Oothu Estate. The estates are on elevations ranging between 2,300 and. The estates, road, and the settlements in the Manjolai area are managed by the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi is a river  in central Zambia which has taken on a symbolic and historical meaning synonymous with the independence and identity of the nation. The name has been given to a number of events, localities, buildings and organisations, including:</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi Rock of Authority, an outdoor venue for political conventions and meetings</p><br>
<p>The Mulungushi Declaration, a policy statement made by President Kenneth Kaunda in 1968 on the nationalisation of the means of production</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi Village, a suburb of Lusaka</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi Hall, an international conference and convention centre, used also as an official reception centre by the Zambian government, and the site of several conferences and negotiations of the independence and anti-apartheid movements in southern Africa</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi House, a large office building in Lusaka, home to government departments and businesses</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi University</p><br>
<p>A number of businesses, such as Zambia-China Mulungushi Textiles Ltd</p><br>
<p>Several roads.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses and links</h2><br>
<p>Mulungushi River, the origin of the name</p><br>
<p>Mulungushi Dam, a dam on that river</p><br>
<p>The Mulungushi River area was also the site of a training camp for Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army fighters in the 1970s sometimes referred to as the Mulungushi camp&#39; but this was not an official name and it was not related to the Zambian use of the name.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Blue Knob is a Pennsylvania summit with a broad dome that is the northernmost 3,000-footer in the range of Allegheny Mountains. It is the highest point in Bedford County.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the site of 5,874 acre Blue Knob State Park and contains approximately of hiking trails and numerous overlooks. A ski area is located on the mountain&#39;s north slopes. The towns of Johnstown, Altoona and Bedford are located within 25 mi of the mountain. The towns of Pavia and Claysburg lie at the foot of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The satellite peaks of Blue Knob include:</p><br>
<p>Herman Point ,</p><br>
<p>Spruce Knob ,</p><br>
<p>Round Knob ,</p><br>
<p>Cattle Knob ,</p><br>
<p>Pine Knob ,</p><br>
<p>Ritchey Knob and</p><br>
<p>Schaefer Head.</p><br>
<p>Summits to the north include Brush Mountain (17 miles), Schaefer Head (2.5 miles) and the other satellite peaks listed above, The "Loop" in Tussey Mountain (27 miles) and Lock Mountain (13 miles).</p><br>
<p>To the east the views are of Dunning Mountain (7 miles), Tussey Mountain (16 miles), Jacks Mountain with Butler Knob (31 miles), Sideling Hill (28 miles), and on the distant horizon Big Mountain (41 miles) and the Tuscarora Mountain Ridge. To the south are Wills Mountain (32 miles), Savage Mountain (28 miles) and Bald Knob on the Allegheny Front (20 miles). The town of Bedford is hidden by Kinton Knob (18 miles).</p><br>
<p>The views west include Laurel Hill with the Conemaugh Gorge (22 miles), and the Allegheny Plateau.</p><br>
<p>A few of the major streams are Big Lick Branch, Rhodes Run, Pavia Run, Deep Hollow Run, Scubgrass Creek, Beaverdam Creek and Little Beaverdam Creek. Bob&#39;s Creek which is in the valley below the mountain is a "Class A" trout stream and popular among local fisherman. Adjacent to the mountain on the Allegheny Front are Big Break Hollow and Wallacks Branch, portions of these streams are located within the State Park boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Blue Knob and its subsidiary peaks form a grouping of mountains that stand out as a massif from the rest of the Allegheny Front and form some of the highest elevations in Pennsylvanias Allegheny Mountains. Blue Knob is separate from the rest of the Allegheny Front escarpment, and the mountains lower base is made up of siltstone and shale of the Devonian Catskill and Devonian-Mississippian Rockwell formations. The upper slopes and summit are made up of the buff-colored Mississippian Burgoon Formation of sandstone and conglomerate, which is far more resistant to weathering than the underlying shale and siltstone. The rocks near the summit have a bluish-green appearance, giving Blue Knob its name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blue Knob was thought to be the highest mountain in Pennsylvania until 1921, when the USA Geological Survey determined a summit of 3,213 ft was higher (later named Mount Davis). In the 1950s the summit was cleared of vegetation and was the location of Claysburg Air Force Station until it was deactivated in 1961. Shortly afterward the Blue Knob Ski area was developed. Signs from the former station remain on the summit, and one building remains as a ski lodge. Ski lifts, a ski lodge and a couple of maintenance structures occupy the broad summit of Blue Knob, and a few ski chalets are downhill of the bald summit.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The state record snowfall of 225 in was recorded on Blue Knob during the winter of 1890-91. In December 1890, 86 in fell on the mountain alone. Average snowfall is about 12 ft annually, while temperatures usually are 10 to 12 F cooler than in the surrounding towns.</p><br>
<p>Blue Knobs weather can be attributed to its aspect and elevation. The mountain rises approximately 500 ft above the plateaus to the west, and over 1,500 ft above the lowlands to the east. The prevailing winds hit the mountains slopes, accelerating up and over its bald summit. It is these conditions that can cause wind chill factors to dip below zero during the winter months.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>Eastern Hemlock trees are located along streams of the mountain&#39;s lower slopes, and the drier east and southeast face of the mountain is predominantly a Red and White oak and maple mix, with grapevines and some exotic invasive species where there are holes in the canopy. The north and west faces of the mountain contain Tulip poplar, American Beech and other associated hardwoods due to the richer soils. The upper slopes of the mountain have Black Cherry, Striped Maple, Scrub Oak and a forest floor of blueberry and fern. Over the 3,000 ft contour the trees are distinctively stunted due to the winds and fierce weather.</p><br>
<p>In September 2004, during Hurricane Ivan, strong winds streamed through the saddle between Herman Point and Blue Knob. Many of the larger trees were blown down, opening holes in the forest canopy.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife is abundant on the slopes of Blue Knob. Species such as white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse, turkey, coyote, porcupine and fox are difficult to see, but finding their tracks in the snow is not uncommon. Black bears are also resident on the mountain and are more likely to be seen during the early morning and evening hours. Red-tailed hawks, warblers, vireos and songbirds are found here throughout the seasons.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the state park is the 11,926 acre Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 26. This area combined with the park creates an area of over 17,000 acre of public land. There are a few areas in Blue Knob State Park which are closed to hunting (see park map). Hikers need to be extremely careful during the hunting season in late November and through December.</p><br>
<p>Chalker High School is a public high school in Southington, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Southington Local Schools district. Their athletic mascot is the Wildcats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chalker High School is named for Newton Chalker, an attorney who was born in Southington in 1842. Chalker created an endowment for the high school when schools in the township agreed to consolidate smaller schools in a central location. The town agreed to consolidation, and the original campus was completed in 1907, consisting of the Chalker High School building and a smaller elementary school. Newton Chalker agreed to pay for Chalker High school, as long as the townspeople would pay for the elementary school building, which wasnt nearly as grand, totaling $6000 as compared to the Chalker Buildings $20,000. The high school was constructed in the Neoclassical Revival architectural style, including fluted columns and a pedimented gable. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 4, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>State sports championships</h2><br>
<p>Girls Softball – 1998</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Boone Homestead, the birthplace of American frontiersman Daniel Boone, is a museum and historic house that is administered by the Friends of the Daniel Boone Homestead near Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is located on nearly 600 acre and is the largest site owned by the PHMC. The staff at Daniel Boone Homestead interpret the lives of the three main families that lived at the Homestead: the Boones, the Maugridges and the DeTurks. The park is just off USA Route 422 north of Birdsboro in Exeter Township.</p><br>
<h2>Homestead</h2><br>
<h3>Squire Boone</h3><br>
<p>In 1730, Squire Boone, Daniel Boone&#39;s father, built a log cabin in the Oley Valley in what is now Berks County near present-day Reading. Daniel Boone was born in the -story log house. One wall was built of native stone. The basement of the house served as a springhouse. It provided easy access to water for cleaning, cooking and drinking. The springhouse also was useful for cold storage.</p><br>
<p>Squire Boone expanded his property in 1741 when he purchased 25 acre of land for use as a pasture for his dairy cattle. Squire Boone was a blacksmith and weaver. The responsibility for tending the cattle was given to Daniel. During the summer months he stayed in a rustic cabin at the edge of the pasture. From there he was able to protect the cattle from predators such as the black bear, bobcat, and mountain lions.</p><br>
<p>The Boone family became a source of controversy in the local Quaker community. In 1742, Boones parents were compelled to publicly apologize after their eldest child Sarah married a non-Quaker. When Boones oldest brother Israel also married a non-Quaker in 1747, Squire Boone stood by his son and was therefore expelled from the Quakers, although his wife continued to attend monthly meetings with her children. Perhaps as a result of this controversy, in 1750 Squire sold his land and moved the family south. The Boones eventually settled on the Yadkin River, in what is now Davie County, North Carolina, about two miles (3 km) west of Mocksville.</p><br>
<h3>Maugridge and DeTurk</h3><br>
<p>Ownership of the Daniel Boone Homestead was transferred in 1750 to William Maugridge, a relative of the Boones from Philadelphia and an associate of Benjamin Franklin. He was a shipwright and carpenter. The home underwent an expansion either just before or just after the time that it was transferred to Maugridge. This addition created a two story house. The house featured a typical hall and parlor as well as a "bible closet".</p><br>
<p>Maugridge died in 1766 and the property was then purchased by John DeTurk. DeTurk remodeled the house completely. He removed the walls of the log cabin and had them rebuilt with stone. DeTurk may have also built the smokehouse that can be seen today at the park. Several other farmers owned the land in the years following DeTurk&#39;s death before an effort to preserve it for historical purposes was undertaken in 1926.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The Reverend A. B. Vossler of nearby Birdsboro, Pennsylvania purchased the farm with the help of William C. Foote of East Orange, New Jersey in 1926. They later sold it to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1937 in order to preserve and protect the homestead of Daniel Boone. Restoration began soon afterward and many examples of colonial life in the Oley Valley have been moved to the site of the Daniel Boone Homestead. A circa 1769 blacksmith&#39;s shop has been restored at the park as well as the "Bertolet House," an example of early 18th-century Pennsylvania German architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Daniel Boone's youth</h2><br>
<p>Daniel Boone was born on October 22, 1734. Because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during Boones lifetime, his birth date is given as November 2, 1734 (the "New Style" date), although Boone always used the October date. He was the sixth of eleven children in a family of Quakers. His father, Squire Boone (1696–1765), had immigrated to Pennsylvania from the small town of Bradninch, England in 1713. Squire Boones parents George and Mary Boone followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717, and in 1720 built a log cabin at Boonecroft. In 1720, Squire, who worked primarily as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan (1700–1777), whose family members were Quakers from Wales.</p><br>
<p>Boone spent his early years on what was then the western edge of the Pennsylvania frontier. The pacifist Quakers generally had good relations with the Native Americans—but the steady growth of the white population compelled many Indians to relocate further west. Boone received his first rifle in 1749, beginning his lifelong love of hunting. Folk tales often emphasized Boone&#39;s skills as a hunter. In one story, the young Boone is hunting in the woods with some other boys. The scream of a panther scatters the boys, except for Boone, who calmly cocks his squirrel gun and shoots the animal through the heart just as it leaps at him. As with so many tales about Boone, the story may or may not be true, but it was told so often that it became part of the popular image of the man.</p><br>
<p>The Anvil Hill Coal Mine is proposed for the upper Hunter Valley in New South Wales. There is strong support for and against the coal mine within the Hunter Valley and other areas. The coal mine will be managed by Centennial Coal with Mines operator expected to be Thiess. The mine will provide coal mostly for the production of electricity. It currently has contracts for providing coal to Bayswater / Liddell power stations in the Upper Hunter for 12 years, commencing in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Pros and cons</h2><br>
<p>Supporters state that the local communities exist because of mining historically attracting workers to the area and that a new mine will lead to further employment in the local area along with statewide economic benefit.</p><br>
<p>Environmental activists have utilised arguments against removing current landholders, potential loss of flora and fauna diversity and climate change to argue against the mines approval.</p><br>
<h2>History of approval</h2><br>
<p>The proposed mine EA (environmental assessment) was provided to the Department of Planning in June 2006. On the 7th of June the NSW Planning Minister Frank Sartor approved the proposed mine, stating that not going ahead with the mine would make no overall difference to climate change and thus would slow down the economy of New South Wales without good reason. Additionally many local landowners where happy to accept Centennial Coals purchase offer, and further environmental surveys showed species were found in greater abundance, further afield, than protestors had stated was the case.</p><br>
<p>That same year, however, the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales found, in a case initiated by environmentalist Pete Gray, that the government had failed to properly assess the greenhouse gas pollution that would be caused by the mining and subsequent use of the coal. This was described by Greenpeace as a "landmark case that forced tougher scrutiny of coal mine emissions in Australia".</p><br>
<h2>Sale to Xstrata</h2><br>
<p>Centennial Coal announced the sale of its Anvil Hill mine in the Upper Hunter to Xstrata Coal for $425 million on Monday 17 September 2007</p><br>
<p>Xstrata Coal is seen by certain politicians as a respectable coal mine operator within the NSW and QLD communities, with former Premier of NSW Bob Carr saying in regards to the Xstrata Coal scholarships program “Xstrata Coal’s commitment to the teacher’s scholarships is an outstanding example of good corporate citizenship in action. They have provided teachers with valuable new experiences to strengthen their professional knowledge and teaching ability. This is a direct contribution to the well being of the community in which they operate. This means teachers in NSW can be equipped with new skills that will touch the lives of hundreds of their students down the years</p><br>
<p>Xstrata is also seen in a better position to undertake the operation of Anvil Hill, which is reflected in the statements made by Centinneal Coals Managing Director Robert Cameron, who said Xstrata was better placed to "absorb" the risks involved in the development of the Anvil Hill project.</p><br>
<p>Xstrata Coal is currently the biggest coal producer in NSW and the world biggest exporter of thermal coal, it is based in Sydney, Australia and is an Xstrata plc (LSX:XTA) subsidiary.</p><br>
<p>Jaynes Hill  is the highest point on Long Island, New York, with an elevation of between 387 ft and 400.9 ft above sea level. It is situated on the Harbor Hill moraine, a terminal moraine that makes up the northern spine of Long Island in West Hills County Park in Suffolk County, a little more than a mile to the north of Melville.</p><br>
<h2>Name and height</h2><br>
<p>The United States Board on Geographic Names based on a 1903 ruling calls it "High Hill." On the Geographic Names Information System it is listed as 387 feet based on the National Elevation Dataset.</p><br>
<p>Suffolk County which owns the peak calls it Jayne&#39;s Hill and lists its elevation on its website as 400 feet. An interpretative sign in the park refers to it as "Jaynes Hill" (no apostrophe) and lists the height as 401 feet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jayne&#39;s Hill has been known by several different names.</p><br>
<p>In 1825 Long Island historian Silas Wood called it "Oakleys High Hill Field" with a surveyor telling him it was 354.5 ft. At the time it was considered the third highest point on Long Island behind Harbor Hill in Nassau County (reported then at 384 ft) and Layton Hills in Wheatley, New York (just south of the Long Island University C.W. Post Campus(reported then at 380 ft).</p><br>
<p>Walt Whitman was born near the site of Jaynes Hill, and visited the summit. In 1881, Whitman wrote: "I write this back again at West Hills on a high elevation (the highest spot on Long Island?) Of Jaynes Hill.... A view of thirty of forty, or even fifty or more miles, especially to the east and south and southwest: the Atlantic Ocean to the latter points in the distance - a glimpse or so of Long Island Sound to the north."</p><br>
<p>In 1887, it was reported to be 383 ft in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, only one foot shy of the reported height of Harbor Hill. In 1901 the Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that Jayne&#39;s Hill (named after its property owners) was the tallest.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent surveys by the USGS of Harbor Hill show it to be 348 ft and Layton&#39;s Hill as 325 ft.</p><br>
<p>The New York Times in 1980 said it was 428 ft.</p><br>
<p>In more recent times, in 1980, a plan to place a radio tower on top of Jayne&#39;s Hill as one of a series of police radio towers was foiled when environmentalists and residents physically blocked county bulldozers. Regardless, a water tower was erected in 1998. This in combination with forest growth overtaking the grasslands once present on the hill severely restrict the views once beheld by Whitman.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>As part of West Hills County Park, the summit is located on public land and lies along the white-blazed Walt Whitman trail. The closest parking is at the end of Reservoir Road, West Hills, NY near the private grounds of a county water tower. The park is open until dusk. Passing through two series of metal gates, one may reach the summit within a matter of minutes along the trail, with very little elevation to tackle along the way. The summit is marked by a boulder bearing a plaque inscribed with Walt Whitmans poem "Paumanok" from Leaves of Grass. Unfortunately as of 2010, some vandalization has occurred at the area, as previously existing wooden fences and signage are missing, as well as the boulder itself being marked with spray paint. If proceeding further than Jaynes Hill along the trail system, one should take caution as there are a few missing blazes, as well as several bridle paths in current use by horses which intersect the hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>Tushpa  was the 9th-century BC capital of Urartu, later becoming known as Van which is derived from Biaina the native name of Urartu. The ancient ruins are located just west of Van and east of Lake Van in the Van Province of Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations and surveys carried out in the Van Province indicate that the history of human settlement in this region dates back at least as far as 5000 BC. The Tilkitepe Mound located along the shores of Lake Van and a few kilometres to the south of the citadel of Van, is the only known source of information about the oldest cultures of Van predating the founding of Tushpa.</p><br>
<h3>Urartian Kingdom</h3><br>
<p>Tushpa was the capital of the Urartian kingdom in the 9th century BC. The early settlement was centered upon the steep-sided bluff now referred to as Van Fortress (Van Kalesi), not far from the shores of Lake Van and a few kilometers west of the modern city of Van.</p><br>
<p>The fortress of Van is a massive stone fortification built by the ancient kingdom of Urartu and held from the 9th to 7th centuries BC. It overlooks Tushpa, and is the largest example of this kind of complex. A number of similar fortifications were built throughout the Urartian kingdom, usually cut into hillsides and outcrops in places where modern-day Armenia, Turkey and Iran meet. Successive groups such as the Armenians, Romans, Medes, Achaemenid and Sassanid Persians, Arabs, Seljuqs, Ottomans and Russians each controlled the fortress at one time or another.</p><br>
<p>The lower parts of the walls of Van Citadel were constructed of unmortared basalt, while the rest was built from mud-bricks. Such fortresses were used for regional control, rather than as a defense against foreign armies. The ancient ruins of the fortress support walls constructed during the medieval era. Other cuneiform inscriptions have been found at the site and are typically off limits unless to large tour groups due to vandalism.</p><br>
<p>In the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in the order of Darius the Great of Persia, the country referred to as Urartu in Babylonian is called Armenia in Old Persian.</p><br>
<h3>Orontid Dynasty of Armenia and Persian Empire</h3><br>
<p>The region came under the control of the Orontid dynasty of Armenia in the 7th century BC and later Persians in the mid-6th century BC.</p><br>
<p>A stereotyped trilingual inscription of Xerxes the Great of the 5th century BC is inscribed upon a smoothed section of the rock face, some 20 m above the ground near the fortress of Van. The niche was originally carved out by Xerxes&#39; father King Darius in the 6th–5th century, but left the surface blank. The inscription survives in near perfect condition and is divided into three columns of 27 lines written in (from left to right) Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite. Besides the inscription of Darius the Great at Suez, it is the only Achaemenid royal inscription located outside Iran. It states that:</p><br>
<p>When it was published by Eugène Burnouf in 1836, through his realization that it included a list of the satrapies of Darius (repeated by Xerxes in nearly identical language), he was able to identify and publish an alphabet of thirty letters, most of which he had correctly deciphered. Burnouf&#39;s reading of the Van trilingual inscription had made a significant contribution to the deciphering of Old Persian cuneiform.</p><br>
<h3>Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia</h3><br>
<p>In 331 BC, Tushpa was conquered by Alexander the Great and after his death became part of the Seleucid Empire. By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia. It became an important center during the reign of the Artaxiad Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC. This region was ruled by the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia before the 4th century AD. In the History of Armenia attributed to Moses of Chorene, the city is called Tosp, from Urartian Tushpa.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Vaspurakan</h3><br>
<p>The Byzantine Empire briefly held the region from 628 to 640, after which it was invaded by the Muslim Arabs, who consolidated their conquests as the province of Ermeniye. Decline in Arab power eventually allowed local Armenian rulers to re-emerge, with the Artsruni dynasty soon becoming the most powerful. Initially dependent on the rulers of the Kingdom of Ani, they declared their independence in 908, founding the kingdom of Vaspurakan. The kingdom had no specific capital: the court would move as the king transferred his residence from place to place, such as Van city, Vostan, Aghtamar, etc. In 1021 the last king of Vaspurakan, John-Senekerim Artsruni, ceded his entire kingdom to the Byzantine empire, who established the Vaspurakan theme on the former Artsruni territories.</p><br>
<h3>Seljuq Empire</h3><br>
<p>Incursions by the Seljuq Turks into Vaspurakan started in the 1050s. After their victory in 1071 at the battle of Manzikert the entire region fell under their control. After them, local Muslim rulers emerged, such as the Ahlatshahs and the Ayyubids (1207). For a 20-year period, Van was held by the Anatolian Seljuq Sultanate until the 1240s when it was conquered by the Mongols. In the 14th century, Van was held by the Kara Koyunlu, and later by the Timurids.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman Empire</h3><br>
<p>The first half of the 15th century saw the Van region become a land of conflict as it was disputed by the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Safavid Empire. The Safavids captured Van in 1502. The Ottomans took the city in 1515 and held it for a short period. The Safavids took it again in 1520 and the Ottomans gained final and definite control of the city in 1548. They first made Van into a sanjak dependent on the Erzurum eyalet, and later into a separate Van eyalet in about 1570.</p><br>
<p>Towards the second half of the 19th century Van began to play an increased role in the politics of the Ottoman Empire due to its location near the borders of the Persian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, as well as its proximity to Mosul. In the Armenian Genocide, the entire city area save for the single Mosque it had was destroyed by the Ottomans in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Bateman Island is an island located on the Columbia River between the cities of Richland and Kennewick, Washington, in the United States. It is approximately 1 mi long and 0.5 mi wide  and is part of the city of Richland. Bateman Island was formerly known as Riverview Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lewis and Clark mentioned Bateman Island in their journals in 1805. William Clark and two other men made their way towards the mouth of the Yakima River, but due to the time the farthest they got was Bateman Island.</p><br>
<p>Lewis and Clark never made it past Bateman Island; it was the furthest upstream they traveled on the Columbia.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 the island was being used for wheat farming, and in 1912 it was used for raising cows. From 1941 to 1952 the Batemans used the island to raise turkeys and for farming.</p><br>
<p>The island has suffered damage from wildfire, most recently on August 8, 2001. The cause of the fire was determined to be accidental, as opposed to still smoldering leftover debris from just five days prior.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 thanks to support by Bechtel Hanford and with help from many volunteers, about 27 tons worth of beer cans and other debris left there over the last 60 years was removed.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Presently, the island is open to the public for numerous activities. It has recovered significantly from the 2001 fire, though there are still signs of it. The island is home to many different species of wildlife, including deer, birds, carp in the wet season, and numerous small animals. Common recreational activities include fishing, bird watching, and hiking. The island also has multiple geocaches on it.</p><br>
<p>Douglas County High School was the high school serving Douglas County, Nevada from 1915 to the mid-1950s when it became a middle school. In 1988 the building was retired from educational uses. Designed by prolific Nevada architect Frederic Joseph DeLongchamps, it serves today as both the Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center and a middle school and is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center</h2><br>
<p>The Carson Valley Museum & Cultural Center is operated by the Douglas County Historical Society. The museums displays include a "Main Street" exhibit with period businesses such as a mercantile, dry goods store and drug store, doctors office, barbershop and newspaper office. Other exhibits include area Basque immigrants, Native Americans, Nevadas wild and free-roaming mustangs.</p><br>
<h2>Douglas High School</h2><br>
<p>The high school moved to Minden. It is known as Douglas High School and is still in operation today.</p><br>
<p>Suruli falls , is located 56 km from Theni and 10 km from Cumbum in the Theni District in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a 2 stage Cascading water fall. The Suruli River supplying the falls originates from the Meghamalai mountain range. The falls drop from a height of 150 ft gathers into a pool, flows for a short distance and again plummets an additional 40 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The beauty of this falls finds mention in the ancient Tamil epic, Silappathikaram written by the poet Ilango Adigal. Near Suruli Falls are 5 caves which represent Indian rock-cut architecture of the 11th Century.</p><br>
<p>On the Suruli river, The water is said to act as medicine and cure diseases.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>It is one of the major tourist attractions in the Theni district and draws tourists from different parts of the state, particularly during the southwest monsoon. June - October is the best season due to monsoon activity, though there is some flow year round. This falls is tourist friendly with showers and changing area near the falls.</p><br>
<p>There are frequent bus services available from Cumbum and Uthamapalayam to reach this falls on the way to Periyar National Park. The Tamil Nadu Tourism Department celebrates summer festival at Suruli falls every year. Construction of a bridge across the Suruli River at a cost of Rs.45 lakhs has increased tourist flow to the falls significantly.</p><br>
<h2>Temples</h2><br>
<p>Suruli hills is the part of the Pothigai Malai. Pothigai hills is a highly divine and spiritual center. There is a story that when Shiva and Parvati entered into divine matrimony at Mount Kailash in the north, the place was unbalanced because of the large number of holy beings witnessing the wedding. Lord Shiva asked Agastya Maharishi to proceed to the South of India to balance the world. Agastya Maharishi then proceeded to Pothigai hills and balanced the world. Agastya Maharishi was able to visualise the wedding of Lord Shiva and Parvati on a Shivalingam that was at Tiru Kalyana Teertham at Pothigai hills. These hills are visited by several saints and sages from Himalayas particularly on a full moon day. The striking similarity between the profiles of Mt. Kailash and Agasthyamalai strengthen the mythological connections of these sacred peaks.</p><br>
<p>While Swami Arulananda was at Pothigai hills, he often visited Subramania Swami temple in Tiruchendur. In 1981, on Thaipusam day (Full moon day in January), Agastya Maharishi appeared in Swamiji’s dream and asked him to proceed to Suruli Aandavar temple (Subramania Swami temple) at Suruli hills to practice Tapas. In this place, Subramania manifests as Suruli Aandavar.</p><br>
<p>Suruli Velappar Temple in praise of Kartikeya is located near the falls. This temple is shaped like an OM Pranava. OM is the source mantra of the universal. This Mantra was generated before the Earth and all planets were created. At this cave one can hear the OM Mantra when you are in meditation frequency. This statement was told by Omgara guru Sidhar Gunaneethy, who is the founder of Rishi&#39;s Meditation.</p><br>
<p>800 m above the fall is the Kailasanathar Cave Temple. At Kailasanathar cave a lot of Sidhars meditate at a natural spring with waters having medicinal powers. Now also a lot of Meykanda Devars souls are there. Kailasanathar cave is connected with the Sathura Giri Mahalingam Kovil Cave. The Palani temple Murugan statue was built by Bogar with Navapasana (A unique type of medicine created using nine types of poisons). The bogar installed the statue before he came to Kailasnathar temple. Here he took a lot of Herbals and constructed the Murugans Navapasana Statue.</p><br>
<p>The Dargah at Suruli is an important worship place for some Muslims. This is named after Abubacker Masthan who lived around the 1630s in this area and is buried here.</p><br>
<h2>India-based Neutrino Observatory</h2><br>
<p>In November 2009, Minister of Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh, in a letter to Anil Kakodkar, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy (India) (DAE) and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC), denied permission for the Department of Atomic Energy to set up the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project at Singara in Nilgiris, as it falls in the buffer zone of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR).</p><br>
<p>Instead, he suggested an alternate site near Suruli Falls. The Minister said this site did not pose the same problems that Singara posed and environmental and forest clearances should not be a serious issue. He also assured the DAE that the Ministry would facilitate necessary approvals for the alternative location. Dr. Naba K. Mondal of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, who is the spokesperson for the INO project said:</p><br>
<p>"But Suruliyar too is in a reserve forest area that is dense and would require cutting down of trees, something that was not required at Singara. Can the government assure us that clearance for this site will be given?" he asks. "Alternatively, we can move to the nearby Thevaram, which is about 20 - away from the Suruliyar falls. This forest area has only shrubs but there is no source of water here and water will have to be piped over a distance of 30 km,".</p><br>
<p>The Steele&#39;s Hill–Grafton Hill Historic District, or simply known locally as Grafton Hill, is a small 18-block sector of Dayton, Ohio, United States that was developed in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, Steele&#39;s Hill–Grafton Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although sometimes considered part of Dayton View, Grafton Hill has its own separate and important existence and history. It was developed at a time when Dayton’s population was moving from the center of the city outward, north of the Miami River. Grafton Hill was enlarged and enriched in 1875 when John Stoddard, a wealthy and prominent farm implement manufacturer, developed the exclusive Belmonte Park residential area. The construction of the Dayton Art Institute and the Dayton Masonic Temple added to the affluent aura of the community. Today, Grafton Hill is known for the depth of its economic and cultural diversity. The fashionable nature of Grafton Hill remains intact and continues to be celebrated.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of Steele Hill–Grafton Hill Historic District include Jacobeathan style but also contains Queen Anne, Victorian, Craftsman, Classical Revival and Tudor style homes.</p><br>
<p>Thunderhead Mountain is a 5,527 ft mountain in the west-central part of the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. Rising along the border between Tennessee and North Carolina, the mountain dominates the Western Smokies. The Appalachian Trail crosses its summit, making it a popular hiking destination. Rocky Top, a knob on the western part of the mountain&#39;s summit ridge, shares its name with a popular Tennessee state song.</p><br>
<p>Thunderhead rises approximately 3,500 ft above its northern base at Little River and approximately 3,000 ft above its southern base at Bone Valley. The mountain consists of three peaks, the lowest being Rocky Top at 5,440 ft above sea level and the easternmost being the highest at 5,527 ft above sea level. Thunderhead is the highest point in Blount County, Tennessee and the highest point on the Appalachian Trail coming from the south until the trail ascends Silers Bald (5,607 ft) some 10 mi to the east.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s name originated in the 19th century. It probably referred to the unpredictable weather that often strikes the higher elevations in the Smokies. According to Laura Thornborough, a writer who hiked to the summit of Thunderhead along with local guide Sam Cook in the 1930s:</p><br>
<p>"As we proceeded in a near-gale to Rocky Top, the first of the three major peaks of Thunderhead, Sam remarked, "Itll be thunderin and lightnin on Thunderhead when its clear on every other peak on top o Smoky, and thats how hit got its name."</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Thunderhead consists of precambrian sandstone. Thunderhead sandstone is part of the Ocoee Supergroup, which was formed from ancient ocean sediments between 500 million and one billion years ago. The mountain itself was formed appx. 200 million years ago during the Appalachian orogeny, when the collision of the North American and African plates thrust the rock upward.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Spence, who cleared the ridge two miles (3 km) to the west (now known as Spence Field), was the first known permanent settler in the vicinity. While the extent of Spence&#39;s farm is unknown, cattle-grazing had rendered Thunderhead a grassy bald by the late-19th century.</p><br>
<p>Thunderhead is one of the few mountains listed under its current name in Arnold Guyots 1859 survey of the crest of the Smokies. Guyot measured Thunderheads elevation at 5,520 ft above sea level, missing the modern measurement by just seven feet (2 m).</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, a group of East Tennesseans attempted to form a wilderness settlement on the mountains north slope known as "New World," although the settlement didnt last. The settlement was located along Thunderhead Prong, near Chimney Rocks.</p><br>
<p>As preservationist groups began buying land in the Smokies in the early 1900s, Thunderhead became a favorite hiking destination for park visitors. John W. Oliver, the great-grandson of the first European settlers in Cades Cove, started offering guided hikes to the</p><br>
<p>mountain in 1924. The trail he (and Thornborough&#39;s guide, Sam Cook) used largely followed the Bote Mountain Trail-Appalachian Trail route still in use today.</p><br>
<p>In the years after the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was formed, wooded plants started to reclaim much of the Smokies crest west of Clingmans Dome. Park strategy at present is to allow Thunderhead to return to its natural state. A narrow path is maintained across the top of the mountain for Appalachian Trail thru-hikers.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Bote Mountain Trail, with its trailhead on Little River Road, ascends seven miles (11 km) to the crest of the Smokies and intersects the Appalachian Trail at Spence Field. From Spence Field, it is approximately two miles to the summit of Thunderhead. The Lead Cove Trail, also beginning on Little River Road (near Cades Cove), offers the shortest access to the summit by bypassing the first 4 miles (6 km) of the Bote Mountain Trail. From the Lead Cove trailhead, it is approximately 7 mi to the summit of Thunderhead. The Anthony Creek Trail, rising out of the Cades Cove campground, also bypasses the first 4 miles (6 km) of the Bote Mountain Trail. From the Anthony Creek trailhead, it is approximately 7.5 mi to the summit of Thunderhead.</p><br>
<p>While the main summit of Thunderhead is covered in foliage, Rocky Top offers a 360-degree view of the western Smokies.</p><br>
<p>The Cliffs is a historic country house located near 33rd and Oxford Streets in East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. It is a Registered Historic Place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cliffs was built in 1753 by Philadelphia merchant Joshua Fisher (1707-1783), the great-grandfather of Joseph Wharton. It overlooks the Schuylkill River from the east, just north of Girard Avenue Bridge and quite close to where Fountain Green Drive meets Kelly Drive along the river. It is a country house in the Georgian style, constructed in stone, with two stories and a basement, originally heated by double fireplaces on both floors and basement. The estate surrounding the house included a farm.</p><br>
<p>The house was the location where Benjamin Franklin&#39;s daughter, Sarah Franklin Bache, and her sewing group made clothing and bandages for the Continental soldiers during the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Fisher (1707-1783) settled in Lewes, Delaware, marrying Sarah Rodman, and as a young man started a hat-making business using the locally plentiful animal skins. He developed a robust transatlantic trade in animal pelts and became wealthy, moving his family to downtown Philadelphia in 1746, and building the Cliffs as a country getaway. He brought his family to the Cliffs house and farm in the summer and they grew up interested in nature, with an appreciation of the Quaker testimony of simplicity. Fisher&#39;s son Samuel Rowland Fisher, his wife Hannah Rodman Fisher, and their three children, Sarah, Deborah, and Thomas, spent their summers in the house during the years 1793-1834.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Fisher family for more than 100 years until the Fairmount Park Commission purchased it in 1868. The house was rented and maintained until the 1960s when it became vacant. The house had a substantial amount of woodwork and paneling. It was taken over and repaired in the 1960s by the Shackamaxon Society, a local civic group.</p><br>
<h2>Vandalism</h2><br>
<p>The Cliffs house was vandalized in the 1970s and 1980s, possibly due to publicity that the Fairmount Park Commission allowed city officials to live in the park&#39;s 45 historic houses rent-free. As a result of the news stories, the Park Commission decided to charge rent, but renters could not be found for some of the houses. Those that were occupied were thereby protected and maintained. The Cliffs was unoccupied from 1970, and due to a lack of funds, neither the Park Commission nor the Shackamaxon Society could maintain it.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>The Cliffs burned on February 22, 1986, due to vandalism and arson. Firefighters were unable to extinguish the fire because their heavy trucks sank in the clay earth surrounding the house. The clay had been trucked into the site in order to cover an area near the house used as a dump for refuse from various municipal construction projects.</p><br>
<p>Today, what remains of the Cliffs is a shell of masonry that can only hint at its history and former glory. It is visible from the Schuylkill Expressway and the West River Drive just north of the Girard Avenue bridge in the winter months when the foliage has dropped from the trees.</p><br>
<p>Breidden Hill is an extinct volcanic hill in Powys, Wales, near the town of Welshpool. It is immediately surrounded by the villages of Trewern, Criggion, Crew Green and Llandrinio. The peak of the hill reaches to 367 m. Footpaths which lead up to the summit provide excellent 360 degree views over Powys and over the border with England to the Shropshire Plain.</p><br>
<p>Breidden Hill is one of five peaks with neighbouring Moel y Golfa, which is the highest at 403 m, which is a "Marilyn", with a prominence of 261 m. The three others are Cefn y Castell (also known as Middletown Hill), Kempsters Hill and Bausley Hill (over 800 ft high) with its Iron Age galleried fortification. The five hills are sometimes collectively known as the Breidden Hills, and form a northern extension of the Long Mountain.</p><br>
<p>There are remains of a British Iron Age hillfort en route which may have been the site of the last stand of Caractacus. Rodneys Pillar at the top was built by the gentlemen of Montgomeryshire who supplied oak wood from the area and shipped it down the River Severn (which runs nearby at Bausley with Criggion) to Bristol where Admiral Rodneys naval fleet was built. Rodney&#39;s Pillar is increasingly being used as a navigational aid by helicopter pilots in this area, due to its visibility from large areas of Wales.</p><br>
<p>Beginning around 1789, for many years members of the Breidden Society, founded by John Dovaston (1740–1808), met near Rodney&#39;s Pillar for an annual festival of food, drink, poetry, and song; records of their meetings for 1809–15 are preserved at the Houghton Library of Harvard University (MS Eng 1168).</p><br>
<p>There is a large quarry on the western and northern sides of Breidden Hill. The rock is a thick gabbroic-dolerite laccolith, which is a source of roadstone.</p><br>
<p>Oxtotitlán is the name of a natural rock shelter and archaeological site in Chilapa de Álvarez, Mexican state of Guerrero that contains murals linked to the Olmec motifs and iconography. Along with the nearby Juxtlahuaca cave, the Oxtotitlán rock paintings represent the "earliest sophisticated painted art known in Mesoamerica", thus far. Unlike Juxtlahuaca, however, the Oxtotitlán paintings are not deep in a cave system but rather occupy two shallow grottos on a cliff face.</p><br>
<p>The paintings have been variously dated to perhaps 900 years BCE or 800 to 500 years BCE. It is not known what group or society painted them. It is also not known how Olmec-influenced art came to be painted hundreds of kilometers (or miles) from the Olmec heartland, although caves are prominent on many Olmec-style monuments, including La Venta Altars 4 and 5.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Paintings cover an area of about 200 m&sup2; There is restoration work in 10 walls, it is expected to complete scientific investigation and establish the origin of the paints used in the designs.</p><br>
<p>The best-known samples of Oxtotitlán paintings are those part of the core group. These are two Polychrome murals, one of which represent a sitting character on a mythological Olmec serpent, wearing a mask, according to Grove, could be a representation of an Owl. The other mural of the central group has been severely damaged by time and the environment, making it difficult to identify. Internal murals are monochrome (black and white), or bi-chromos, combining elements of red and black.</p><br>
<p>Unlike Juxtlahuaca, it is possible that Oxtotitlán contained a housing area, because ceramic materials have been found in the vicinity of the Quiotepec Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Distribution</h2><br>
<p>The paintings are distributed in three areas with a separate type of painting assigned to each area.</p><br>
<h3>North grotto</h3><br>
<p>The paintings are smaller, were created using black pigment, and feature animals, humans, and fantastic creatures.</p><br>
<h3>South grotto</h3><br>
<p>The paintings here, by contrast, are in red and generally feature geometric designs.</p><br>
<h3>Central grotto</h3><br>
<p>Between the north and south grottos are two large polychrome murals, over the cave entrance.</p><br>
<h2>The Murals</h2><br>
<h3>Mural 1</h3><br>
<p>This Mural is situated above the mouth to the south grotto, and portrays what is most likely a ruler seated upon a throne similar to La Venta&#39;s Altar 4 or 5. The eyes of a primal cave monster, showing Olmec iconic crossed-bars, can be seen on the top edge of the throne (note that the ruler is also wearing a crossed-bars pectoral, perhaps linking him directly with the monster).</p><br>
<p>The ruler, painted in vibrant reds, greens, and browns, is wearing a bird mask, generally identified as that of an owl, as well as a green-feathered costume. Seated on the throne, his left leg is tucked underneath him while the right dangles down, similar to a pose found on the fragmentary Laguna de los Cerros Monument 9.</p><br>
<h3>Mural 2</h3><br>
<p>This Mural, at 3 by, is even larger than Mural 1 but this exposed painting has been largely worn away over the intervening millennia and is now almost impossible to recognize.</p><br>
<p>It seems to picture a human in jaguar clothing or otherwise associated with a jaguar.</p><br>
<p>Also of particular note is the north grotto&#39;s "most striking creation", Painting 1-D, which features an ithyphallic man standing behind what appears to be a rearing jaguar. The man is painted in black outline, with a headress. His exaggerated genitals that point to the jaguar have led to speculation that this is a scene of a man copulating with a jaguar.Western historians & anthropologists always misinterpret such images as a sexual act - the human is NOT copulating with the jaguar the mans spiritual energy is merging with the animals spirit, thus the body :-</p><br>
<p>Definition of the KA=The Ka was the part of the soul believed to be life-force of a person that survived after death. The Ka was a spiritual twin born with every man and lived on after he died. The Ka was confined to an existence in the tomb until it could rejoin the Ba and travel to the afterlife. The tomb was therefore the temporary dwelling-house of the soul *</p><br>
<p>Definition of the BA=The Ba was the part of the soul believed to be able to fly and was able to leave the tomb and revisit the dead person&#39;s haunts in the mortal world and journey in the Underworld. The Ba kept returning to the tomb until, following the judgement of the earthly life, the Ka and Ba could be reunited in the afterlife.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and visitation</h2><br>
<p>In the 30 years following its re-discovery, the site was the object of graffiti and poor maintenance. This was addressed in the 2002 by the restoration work of Sandra Cruz, under the auspices of the National Coordination of Conservation of the Cultural Patrimony, INAH-Churubusco.</p><br>
<p>Although the paintings can still be viewed, visitors must first register with the local caretakers in the nearby village of Acatlán.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It stands at 141 W. Jackson Boulevard at the foot of the LaSalle Street canyon, in the Loop community area in Cook County. Built in 1930 and first designated a Chicago Landmark on May 4, 1977, the building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 2, 1978. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 16, 1978. Originally built for the Chicago Board of Trade , it is now the primary trading venue for the derivatives exchange, the CME Group, formed in 2007 by the merger of the CBOT and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In 2012, the CME Group sold the CBOT Building to a consortium of real estate investors, including GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Company.</p><br>
<p>The 141 W. Jackson address hosted the former tallest building in Chicago designed by William W. Boyington before the current Holabird & Root structure, which held the same title for over 35 years until being surpassed in 1965 by the Richard J. Daley Center. The current structure is known for its art deco architecture, sculptures and large-scale stone carving, as well as large trading floors. An aluminum, three-story art deco statue of Ceres, goddess of agriculture (particularly grain), caps the building. The building is a popular sightseeing attraction and location for shooting movies, and its owners and management have won awards for efforts to preserve the building and for office management.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<h3>Early locations</h3><br>
<p>On April 3, 1848, the Board of Trade opened for business at 101 South Water Street. When 122 members were added in 1856, it was moved to the corner of South Water and LaSalle Streets. After another temporary relocation west on South Water Street in 1860, the first permanent home was established within the Chamber of Commerce Building on the corner of LaSalle and Washington Streets in 1865. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed this building. The exchange temporarily reopened two weeks after the fire in a 90 ft wooden building known as "the Wigwam" at the intersection of Washington and Market Streets, before reclaiming its home in a new building constructed at the Chamber of Commerce site one year later.</p><br>
<h3>Permanent home</h3><br>
<p>In 1882 construction began of the CBOTs new home, which opened at the current location on May 1, 1885. The building was designed by William W. Boyington, best known today for his work on the Chicago Water Tower. It faced Jackson Street with 180 ft feet of frontage, and was built from structural steel and granite taken from the Fox Island quarry near Vinalhaven, Maine. With a rear of enameled brick, it was 10 stories tall and featured a tower 320 ft tall containing a large clock and 4,500 lb bell, topped by a 9 ft copper weather vane in the shape of a ship. The interiors were finished in mahogany and frescoed. Construction cost $1.8 million (about in terms). With four elevators and a great hall measuring 152 x and 80 ft high decorated by a stained-glass skylight and ornate stone balusters, it was the first commercial building in Chicago to have electric lighting. It was also the first building in the city to exceed 300 ft in height and at the time was the tallest building in Chicago. The buildings formal dedication ceremonies, which were described by a contemporary as "brilliant and imposing", took place on April 29, 1885 and were attended by over four thousand persons including dignitaries from around the world.</p><br>
<p>The building attracted tourists, visitors, and protesters. The inaugural banquet for the building opening was marched on by a sizable column of Chicago labor activists, under the International Working People&#39;s Association banner and led by Albert Parsons, Lucy Parsons, and Lizzie Holmes. "The building, on which two million dollars had been lavished in the midst of an economic depression, was denounced by the anarchists as... the crowning symbol of all that was hateful in the private property system.". The procession were cheered by thousands of spectators. Their access to the Board of Trade was blocked by a phalanx of police, first at Jackson, then at LaSalle, finally coming to within a half-block of the building, "bathed in a sea of electric light only recently installed for the occasion."</p><br>
<p>Viewing galleries were opened to the public for the first time in honor of the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, the clock tower was removed and the "tallest building in Chicago" record was then held by the 302 ft tall Masonic Temple Building. Built on caissons surrounded by muck, the trading house was rendered structurally unsound in the 1920s when construction began across the street on the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The 1885 building was subsequently demolished in 1929, and the exchange temporarily moved to Van Buren and Clark while a new building was constructed at the LaSalle and Jackson site.</p><br>
<p>The 1885 allegorical architectural sculptures of 35 ft Industry and Agriculture, two figures of a four-piece set, were removed from the original building and now stand in a nearby pedestrian plaza.</p><br>
<h2>1930 building</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>In 1925, the Chicago Board of Trade commissioned Holabird & Root to design the current building. The general contractors Hegeman & Harris built it for $11.3 million, although the reported twenty-year mortgage value was $12 million ($12 million in 1925 equates to about in dollars). Clad in gray Indiana limestone, topped with a copper pyramid roof, and standing on a site running 174 ft east–west on Jackson Boulevard and 240 ft north–south on LaSalle Street, the 605 ft tall art deco-styled building opened on June 9, 1930. It serves as the southern border for the skyscrapers hugging LaSalle Street and is taller than surrounding structures for several blocks. The Chicago Board of Trade has operated continuously on its fourth floor since the 1930 opening, dedicating 19,000 ft&sup2; to what was then the world&#39;s largest trading floor.</p><br>
<p>The advent of steel frame structural systems allowed completely vertical construction; but as with many skyscrapers of the era, the exterior was designed with multiple setbacks at increasing heights, which served to allow additional light into the ever-deepening concrete valleys in urban cores. At night, the setbacks are upwardly lit by floodlights, further emphasizing the structure&#39;s vertical elements. The night illumination design was a common contemporary Chicago architectural theme, seen also in the Wrigley Building, the Jewelers Building, the Palmolive Building, the LaSalle-Wacker Building, and the Tribune Tower.</p><br>
<p>Interior decoration includes polished surfaces throughout, the use of black and white marble, prominent vertical hallway trim, and an open three-story lobby which at the time of opening housed the worlds largest light fixture. Though One LaSalle Street had five more floors, the CBOT building was the first in Chicago to exceed a height of 600 ft. After surpassing the Chicago Temple Building, it was the tallest in Chicago until the Daley Center was completed in 1965. Known for its work on the Brooklyn Bridge, the family-operated factory of John A. Roebling supplied all of the cables used in the buildings 23 Otis elevators. Beneath the main trading floor over 2,700 mi of telephone and telegraph wires were once hidden. No less than 150,000 mi of wires (considered possibly the most direct long-distance wire from any building) once ran from the room. Although the building was commissioned for the Chicago Board of Trade, its first tenant was the Quaker Oats Company, which moved in on May 1, 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Artwork</h3><br>
<p>Sculptural work by Alvin Meyer, the one-time head of Holabird & Roots sculpture department, is prominent on the buildings façade, and represents the trading activities within. On each side of the 13 ft diameter clock facing LaSalle Street are hooded figures, a Babylonian holding grain and a Native American holding corn. Similar figures are repeated at the uppermost corners of the central tower, just below the sloping roof. About 30 ft above street level, representations of bulls protrude directly from the limestone cladding on the building&#39;s north side and to a lesser degree on the east side, a reference to a bull market.</p><br>
<p>The central structure is capped by a 6,500 pound, 31 ft tall aluminum statue by sculptor John H. Storrs of the Roman goddess of grain, Ceres, holding a sheaf of wheat in the left hand and a bag of corn in the right hand, as a nod to the exchange&#39;s heritage as a commodities market. This statue was assembled from 40 pieces.</p><br>
<p>Commissioned in 1930 but removed from the agricultural trading room in 1973 and stored until 1982, John W. Norton&#39;s three-story mural of Ceres shown bare-breasted in a field of grain underwent extensive restoration in Spring Grove, Illinois by Louis Pomerantz before being displayed in the atrium of the 1980s addition.</p><br>
<h3>Trading floor</h3><br>
<p>According to the June 16, 1930 issue of Time magazine, visitors carrying ripened wheat heads stared in curiosity at the six-story tall trading room directly above the lobby and behind the large windows below the clock facing LaSalle Street. At the center of the room, Time reported on the items being traded in "pits" organized based on commodities type with pits names such as the corn pit, soybean pit or wheat pit. The individual pits are raised octagonal structures where open outcry trading occurs. Steps up the outside of each octagon provide an amphitheater atmosphere, and enable a large number of traders to see each other and communicate during trading hours. With early versions dating back to 1870, this type of trading pit was patented in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The trading area is surrounded by desks allowing workers to support transactions. In the early days, the desks served as a relay point between the pits and those wishing to buy or sell. When trade orders and information began to be communicated by telegraph, Morse code operators were employed, later replaced by phone operators. In the late 20th century, electric display boards lined the walls of the trading hall and the advent of electronic trading resulted in computers being placed on desktops.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent additions to the Board of Trade Building moved the agricultural and financial trading floors out of the original trading room and into new spaces in the additions to the building&#39;s rear in the 1980s. In 2004 the historic 1930 trading floor, already substantially altered (and unused for more than two years), was demolished and its pits filled with concrete. It was renovated in a modern style and now is leased to a privately owned options trading firm.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>In 1980, the owners added a 275 ft 23-story expansion to the south side of the building. It was topped by an octagonal ornament shaped similarly to the terraced trading pits and was designed in a postmodern style by Helmut Jahn. Colored black and silver, with a sunlit atrium on the 12th floor facing the south wall of the older structure, the annex provided a four-story granite lined agricultural trading floor, then the world&#39;s largest at 32,000 ft&sup2;. It was nicknamed the "Arboretum" by some in reference to expansion supporter CBOT Chairman Patrick H. Arbor. The expansion included price boards 600 ft long and supported 12,000 computers, 6,000 voice devices, and 2,000 video devices requiring 27,000 mi of cable.</p><br>
<p>Collectively, the trading floors now encompass approximately 115,150 ft&sup2;. The logo of the CBOT represents a trading pit, and appears prominently on stonework facing Clark Street and on street-level barriers at the service entrance on Van Buren Street. The addition has a twelve-story atrium and melds historical and contemporary design with art deco references such as setbacks, central tower, symmetrical projecting wings, pyramidal roof and abstract cascade and scallop lobby design. Between the original and new buildings, where there was formerly a street, a wide street-level walkway connects the plaza on LaSalle Street to Van Buren Street in what would ordinarily be the building&#39;s first floor. Passing over the Van Buren Street elevated tracks, a green glass-enclosed steel-frame bridge connects the lower southwest corner of the 23 story addition to the Chicago Board Options Exchange (although this bridge was closed to pedestrian traffic in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons).</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, the building underwent an extensive $20 million renovation directed by Chicago architect Gunny Harboe, whose restoration work included Loop landmarks the Rookery Building and Reliance Building. The project included restoration of the main lobby to emphasize the design features of the art deco era, elevator modernization, façade renovation and cleaning, and the continued renovation of upper floor corridors and hallways. Though impractically small for modern use, mailboxes in the lobby were restored to their original condition to follow the theme of vertical lines found throughout the complex. An improved electrical infrastructure, with ten main feeds from seven different Commonwealth Edison electrical substations, was added in addition to redundant cooling systems and upgraded telecommunications capabilities.</p><br>
<p>When the old CBOT building was demolished in 1929, two 4.5 ST 12 ft tall gray granite statues of classically styled goddesses (pictured right) were moved from the second floor ledge above the main entrance into the gardens of the 500 acre (2 km²) estate of Arthur W. Cutten, a wheat and cotton speculator who went bankrupt during the Great Depression. One goddess represents agriculture and is shown standing with wheat and leaning on a cornucopia. The other represents industry and appears with the bow of a ship and an anvil.</p><br>
<p>The statues were found in 1978 near Glen Ellyn, Illinois by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, on land acquired from Cuttens estate. After being displayed in a parking lot at Danada Forest Preserve for several years, both were returned to the CBOT buildings plaza and rededicated on June 9, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<h3>Surroundings</h3><br>
<p>The LaSalle Street canyon is home to other historic buildings including the Rookery Building, a National Historic Landmark considered to be the oldest standing high-rise. A 1907 renovation included a lobby remodeled by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Prairie School style. The name rookery comes from the previous building on the property which became home to many birds, especially pigeons. The nearby Reliance Building was the first skyscraper to have large plate glass windows comprise the majority of its surface area, and One North LaSalle was for some time one of Chicago&#39;s tallest buildings. Both the Reliance Building and One North LaSalle are on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 1853, the governments of Chicago and Cook County have shared three different buildings at the north end of the canyon. The current Chicago City Hall, built in a Classical Revival style, was designed to symbolize the strength, dignity, and vigor of the government. Completed in 2001, an award-winning green roof was incorporated into the structure. All of the structures are designated as Chicago Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Other nearby buildings of note include the Continental Commercial National Bank, now called 208 South LaSalle Street, which broke records in 1911 as the citys most expensive development, with a cost exceeding $10 million. The Rand-McNally Building that had served as the headquarters of the Worlds Columbian Exposition was demolished to accommodate the structure. Both the Federal Reserve Bank and 208 South LaSalle demonstrate the popularity of neoclassical architecture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were meant to project a sense of financial security.</p><br>
<p>One mile (1.6 km) west of Lake Michigan and in the southwest corner of the Loop, the building is near two elevated stations of the Chicago L. The Quincy station is one block to the west and the LaSalle/VanBuren station is between the CBOT and the Chicago Stock Exchange; both stations are served by the Orange, Purple, Pink, and Brown Lines. Additionally, Blue Line service is provided at the Jackson and LaSalle stations, each two blocks away. Union Station stands five blocks to the west on Jackson Boulevard, providing terminal service for Amtrak and select service for Metra. Additional Metra service is provided at the LaSalle Street Station, two blocks due south.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In September 2011, the intersection of LaSalle Street and Jackson Boulevard in front of the building became the headquarters for the Occupy Chicago protest movement. On April 23, 2013, the CME Group sold the north and south towers of the building at 141 W. Jackson Blvd. for $151.5 Million to a joint venture between GlenStar Properties LLC and USAA Real Estate Co. The CME will retain ownership of the smaller east building at 333 S. LaSalle St. CME signed a 15-year lease for the 150,000 square-feet it occupies in the two towers.</p><br>
<h3>Tenants</h3><br>
<p>The CME Group occupies 33 percent of available space, while financial and trading concerns occupy 54 percent of the three-building complex. In addition to Ceres Cafe on the first floor of the lobby, other businesses provide banking, insurance, travel services, beauty services, and healthcare. Some business have been in the building for over 40 years, and throughout its history, commodities speculators, such as "Prince of the Pit" Richard Dennis, have maintained offices in the building. In 2007, the USA Futures Exchange, a competitor of the CBOT formerly known as Eurex US, announced a move from the Sears Tower into the 14th floor of the CBOT building.</p><br>
<h3>Visitors</h3><br>
<p>The CBOT building has been the site of a number of visits by dignitaries, including the Prince of Wales in October 1977. In 1991, George H. W. Bush became the first President of the United States to visit the Exchange, where he delivered a speech from the soybean pit regarding the importance of agriculture to the American economy. A visit from former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev followed on May 7, 1992. In 2006, former US President Jimmy Carter and wife Rosalyn toured the CBOT while campaigning for their son Jacks run for a USA Senate seat from Nevada. During the 1996 Democratic National Convention, US Vice President Al Gore was hosted at the Exchanges Democratic Senatorial Campaign reception. Interest groups such as the Chicago Architecture Foundation provide scheduled tours showcasing the architecture and selected portions of the trading operations.</p><br>
<h2>Awards and honors</h2><br>
<p>1985: the 23-story addition won the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois.</p><br>
<p>2006: the building was awarded the Landmarks Illinois&#39; annual Real Estate and Building Industries Council award for its preservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>2006: the Building Owners and Managers Association of Chicago presented the CBOT building with The Office Building of the Year award recognizing the high quality of office space and excellence in management of the building.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 1885 building and trading pits were prominently featured in The Pit, the second novel by Frank Norris in The Epic of the Wheat trilogy. Life on the trading floor of the Chicago Board of Trade is detailed in the nonfiction book Leg the Spread by Cari Lynn (2004).</p><br>
<p>Trading operations have been used as scenes in movies such as Ferris Bueller&#39;s Day Off, and the streetscape in the LaSalle Street canyon is used in the movies The Untouchables, Road to Perdition, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon.</p><br>
<p>In Batman Begins, the Board of Trade Building represents the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises, but in the 2008 sequel, The Dark Knight, Wayne Enterprises was represented by the Richard J. Daley Center. The building itself appears in The Dark Knight.</p><br>
<p>While maintaining studios in the building for many years, WCIU-TV broadcast the Stock Market Observer, a daily seven-hour live business television news program that is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for the show telecast the most hours. Additionally, the station broadcasts First Business with news of the Chicago Board of Trade. Former WVON-AM radio personality Don Cornelius began the popular dance show Soul Train in a cramped studio on the 43rd floor in 1970. When Cornelius moved the show to Los Angeles a year later, his assistant, Clinton Ghent took over the local show until it ended in 1976. Prior to Soul Train, shows filmed in the building were Kiddie A Go-Go, a dance show aimed at the pre-teen market which premiered in 1965 and Red Hot and Blues, a teen dance show hosted by local DJ Big Bill Hill which premiered in 1967. More recently, the building&#39;s interior and exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet newspaper in the 2013 Superman reboot film, Man of Steel.</p><br>
<p>Although depicted with the tower in a Rand McNally map from 1893, later lithographs of the first 141 Jackson Street location display a red-roofed building without a tower. Memorabilia of the current building is abundant, with postcards of panoramic scenes from LaSalle Street, the clock, and lighted upper decks having been produced for decades. In views from the Museum Campus, the buildings crown is framed by the middle floors of the taller Sears Tower in the background. Photographer Andreas Gursky has used the location for still life prints such as 1997s Chicago Board of Trade, I and 1999&#39;s Chicago Board of Trade, II. A photograph of the exterior, from the Museum series by Thomas Struth, is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. An often-reproduced painting by Leslie Ragan for the New York Central Railroad depicts streamliner locomotives idling at LaSalle Street Station with the Board of Trade Building looming prominently in the background.</p><br>
<p>At 1211 North LaSalle Street on the citys Near North Side, a 16-story apartment hotel built in 1929 and converted into an apartment building in 1981 was used by muralist Richard Haas for trompe-lœil murals in homage to Chicago School architecture. One of the building&#39;s sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building, intended as a reflection of the actual building two miles (3 km) south.</p><br>
<h2>Position in Chicago's skyline</h2><br>
<p>The Palazzo della Consulta  is a late Baroque palace in central Rome, Italy, that since 1955 houses the Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic. It sits across the Piazza del Quirinale from the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic, the Quirinal Palace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the 17th century, a palace had been erected for the Cardinal Ferrero during the realm of Pope Sixtus V. The Pope Clement XII (Corsini) commissioned the present palace from Ferdinando Fuga, and it was completed in 1737 to house the secretariat of the Sacra Congregazione della Consulta (which served as the main council of state of the Papal states and tribunal) as well as the Segnatura dei Brevi, as well as two corps of Papal Guard units. From 1798 to 1814, the palace was used as the Prefecture of Rome. In 1849, during the Roman Republic, it was the home of the ruling Triumvirate. After the annexation of the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy, from 1871 to 1874, Prince Umberto I and his wife Margherita of Savoy lived here. From 1874 to 1922, it housed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and from 1924 to 1953 it housed the Ministry of Colonies. In 1955, it became the home of the Constitutional Court of Italy.</p><br>
<p>Fuga ordered the two-storey facade with a piano nobile whose windows have low arched heads set in fielded panels, over a ground floor with low mezzanine. On the lower story the panels have channeled rustication and rusticated quoins at the corners. Pilasters are applied only to the central three-bay block, which barely projects, and to the corners. The roof-line of the facade is topped by a large coat of arms of the Corsini pope, and is similar to the one of Fontana di Trevi. Lower down, at the entrance, a King of Italy installed his coat of arms.</p><br>
<p>The interiors have undergone a series of fresco decorations over the centuries. The initial 18th-century frescoes by Antonio Bicchierai and Giovanni Domenico Piastrini, are nearly vanished except for a few allegorical figures in the apartments of the Cardinals. In 1787, the new Cardinale dei Brevi, Cardinal Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti, had the palaced redecorated by Bernardino Nocchi, which was also nearly lost except for frescoes on the Myth of Proserpine in the "Salone Pompeiano" and decoration in the ceiling of the "Studio dei Giudici" depicting charity and the four virtues. The Savoy monarchy had frescoed completed by Domenico Bruschi, Cecrope Barilli and Annibale Brugnoli.</p><br>
<p>The Changa Manga  is a planted forest which includes a wildlife preserve, in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 80 kilometers south-west of Lahore. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but has undergone illegal deforestation at a massive scale in recent times.</p><br>
<p>Changa Manga is known more widely as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world", and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. The forest is home to 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 27 species of insects. Thus, other than producing timber for the local industry, the forest also serves as an important wildlife reserve.</p><br>
<p>Named after two brother dacoits, the Changa Manga forest was originally planted in 1866 by British foresters. Its trees were harvested to gather fuel and resources for the engines employed in the North-Western railway networks.</p><br>
<h2>Onomatology of name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the forest is derived from an amalgamation of the names of two brother dacoits (bandits), Changa and Manga. The dacoits were a constant source of terror for the "law-abiding citizens" of the districts in the 19th century as they would "hold up and plunder" any passing trader. The robbers had a den in the "secret heart" of the forest where they sought shelter from the British peacekeepers. Soon afterwards, Salvation Army opened up a camp at the forest site as a place for reformation of criminals.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Changa Manga forest can be entered from a road off the N-5 Highway near Bhai Pheru and Chunian. At present, the forest covers an area of 48.6 km&sup2;. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but massive deforestation has reduced it to less than half its original size. It is also known as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world".</p><br>
<p>The forest plantation dates back to 1866 and was planned to fill the need for timber and fuel resources for the North-Western railway networks. The most common species of flora are Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesham) and Acacia nilotica (Kikar), both members of the Fabaceae and native to the Indian subcontinent. Morus alba (white mulberry) was also introduced to the plantation and became popular in cultivation throughout South Asia. The forest also has several species of Eucalyptus and Populus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Allocation of land</h3><br>
<p>In 1864, the North-Western Railway found itself starved of resources, vital in running services on its network. It was then that Dr John Lindsay Stewart, the first Conservator of Forests of Punjab, recommended the allocation of a block of land for each railway district where forest plantations should be cultivated to cater for such growing demands. Such a block of land was allocated for the Kasur district at the Chunian tehsil on the Lahore-Karachi railway line. This land was allocated on the assumption that 4850 cubic feet per acre of mature crop on a 15-year rotation would adequately suffice the five trains running daily on these lines, consuming 80 lb of fuel per train.</p><br>
<p>This particular area of land was a semi-desert scrub jungle with thorn forest land and a light alluvial soil that only required the introduction of water to yield crops. The land was mostly populated by the Gondhal and Sansi gypsies, whom British called “junglies” (a derogatory term meaning ‘jungle-dwelling barbarians’). The British replaced the population of the Gondhals and Sansis with an influx of cultivators from older cultivated lands and other provinces.</p><br>
<p>In preparation for cultivation, the land was slashed and burnt to rid the landscape of thorn forest and dry scrub growth. The unruly scrubs of the dry jungles were gradually turned into plains ready for irrigation.</p><br>
<h3>Initial plantation</h3><br>
<p>Within the premises of the allocated land, the German forester Berthold Ribbentrop, Inspector General of Forests in British India, identified a dry forest area where long rooted bar trees could exist. He planned to cultivate the land with the plantation of Morus alba (white mulberry) and Dalbergia sissoo (sheesham). The plantation of the forest began in 1866 but failed to obtain substantial harvest from the initial wooded area of 8,400 acre.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Charles Frederick Amery, an officer in the Indian Forestry Commission, had an idea of employing a trench and ridge system. Ribbentrop adopted the system making the plantation a "sylvicultural and financial success". The plantation reaped its first successful harvest in 1888 from a second crop rotation. The site was soon identified as a sustainable source for timber, primarily serving the North-Western railway network.</p><br>
<h3>Railway and logistics</h3><br>
<p>By 1870, the irrigated plantation had grown to 9,129 acre and was served by the primary railway station for the Chunian tehsil on the Lahore-Karachi railway line. To benefit logistics for logging operations, it was decided to build a railway station at Changa Manga. A special 600 mm gauge railway, called the Changa Manga Forestry Railway, was established for narrow gauge logging operations.</p><br>
<p>The railway employed the use of wood-burning steam locomotives built by John Fowler & Co., of Leeds. When burning wood from an engine set fire to a van and buggy, the locomotives were upgraded to coal-powered types. Even with such incidents, the demand for wood from Changa Manga remained steady as its supply base grew across the timber market in India.</p><br>
<p>The railway is still operational today and is only used to either transport timber or haul tourists on special occasions. Amongst the three engines, operational to date, are two from John Fowler & Co. and one from Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. of Kilmarnock, Scotland.</p><br>
<h3>Great Indian Famine of 1876–78</h3><br>
<p>The years 1876–78 saw intense drought sweep across much of India, and in particular the Deccan Plateau. The famine was a result of crop failures throughout the plateau. The failure to provide food to the millions of hungry countrymen during the famine was blamed primarily on the absence of adequate rail infrastructure and thus the British administration sought to expand its rail infrastructure. Though some parts of Punjab were also affected by the famine, firewood from Changa Manga grew in demand to supply the growing network of rail infrastructure.</p><br>
<h3>Salvation Army Silk Camp</h3><br>
<p>The early 1900s saw many Indian traders invest in the silk trade. Most of the silk in India came from silkworms cultivated at Moradabad near Delhi. However, businessmen deemed the Delhi silk as "lacking lustre" and they ventured into silk experiments elsewhere across the country. One such silk experiment was conducted by Commissioner Frederick Booth-Tucker of The Salvation Army at Changa Manga in 1912. It came to be known as the Salvation Army Silk Camp.</p><br>
<p>Booth-Tucker brought along hundred ounces of silkworm eggs (about 3 million eggs) from France. To house the worms, he created long sheds from bamboo and dried grass. The worms’ feed consisted entirely of mulberry leaves obtained from felled trees in the forest. The worms fed on 70 hundredweights of leaves a day.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, the Governor of Punjab Sir Michael O&#39;Dwyer visited the silk experiment where the silkworms had started developing cocoons. The governor left pleased with Booth-Tucker’s work. The Salvation Army Silk Camp remained a sustainable venture for a year after the governor’s visit, although changes to the climate later led to its decline.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife conservation and breeding</h2><br>
<p>The forest serves as a conservation and breeding centre for the critically endangered species of Asiatic vultures, Gyps bengalensis (white-rumped vultures). It hosts a conservation centre in association with WWF SAVE (Saving Asia&#39;s Vultures from Extinction) programme, an international effort across India, Nepal and Pakistan. The Asiatic vulture species of G. bengalensis and G. indicus have reportedly seen a decline by "more than 90 per cent in Pakistan, India and Nepal", thereby making the conservation efforts at Changa Manga extremely crucial for the survival of these vulture species.</p><br>
<h3>Gyps Vulture Conservation Centre</h3><br>
<p>There is a Vulture Conservation Centre in a secluded area of the Changa Manga forest. The centre has been specifically designed to manage the population of G. bengalensis. The centre operates the Gyps Vulture Restoration Programme under the management of WWF Pakistan and the Punjab Wildlife and Parks Department, with aid of the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Hawk Conservancy Trust and WWF USA. The vulture conservation programme was first realised in 2004 and this dedicated conservation centre became fully operational in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The centre holds up to fifteen G. benalgensis in its communal aviary, but has a capacity to hold 30 vultures in its four separate breeding aviaries. The communal aviary is 38m long and increases in width from 14m to 27.5m. The aviary contains live tree perches with roosting and nesting ledges, which also provides shade and shelter for birds.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife reserve</h3><br>
<p>Changa Manga also has a wildlife reserve that covers an area of 40 acre, built in 2008. The reserve is home to species of hog deer, Indian peafowl, jackal, mouflon, nilgai and wild boar. The Changa Manga wildlife preserve is one of the three wildlife parks located in the Lahore Division, other two being Jallo Wildlife Park and Lahore Zoo Safari.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Parts of the forest have now been developed into a recreation park with a railroad that gives the visitor a 5 km ride on a miniature train through the forest. Other attractions include a water turbine, a waterfall, a children’s play area, and a lake called Lunar Lake, where boating is possible. Changa Manga Tourist Resort is situated 45 km from Lahore city. The Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab (TDCP) arranges picnic trips to Changa Manga throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>Deforestation</h2><br>
<p>The world’s largest artificial forest is being heavily logged, and so far more than 60 percent of Changa Manga Wildlife Park has been deforested.</p><br>
<h2>Revival of Changa Manga Forest</h2><br>
<p>On 11th of November, 2011, broke the story of rapid deforestation in Changa Manga Forest and exposed how unbridled wood mafia in connivance with the forest officials are rapidly deforesting the world&#39;s largest artificial forest. The Chief Ombudsman, Punjab, Javed Mehmood took a suo moto notice to probe the case and report accordingly. A series of news stories were then filed by Khan until June 24, 2012, when CM Punjab Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif, taking notice of the situation, ordered the removal of Chief Conservator (Forest) Dr Mehboobur Rehman and Conservator (Forest) Rao Khalid from their posts and making them OSD.</p><br>
<p>The chief minister also ordered the Punjab Anti-Corruption Establishment DG and the CM Inspection Team (CMIT) chairman to carry out a joint investigation into the deforestation by timber mafia and ferret out facts about their possible links with the forest authorities. The CM also ordered to begin into the issue from 1990 onward. The team had been directed to investigate all the DFOs, posted at Changa Manga since 1990. Similarly the team had been directed to investigate all SDOs, Block Officers and Forest Guards who have been working there since then and the culprits were then arrested and reported to police.</p><br>
<p>However, all of them got bail from the courts, were evicted from charges or received minor penalties. The Ombudsman issued a detailed report on the case affixing para wise responsibility on those who were responsible for the worst affairs and CMIT proceeded for criminal proceedings for the same, but everything went under the blanket and now almost all of the accused are working on the similar posts as ADHOC.</p><br>
<p>The culprits was to appoint them on the same posts as contract/daily wage/ adhoc employees while they are still OSD, dismissed form service officially. Apart from this, however to bring back Changa Manga to the list of world’s largest artificial forests.</p><br>
<p>Changa Manga Forest was then safely be termed as back to track. Water scarcity was the first reason of plant disease and failure. The forest administration negotiated with the irrigation department and took full sanctioned discharge of 113 cusecs for the forest for all seasons. This step alone brought very positive results and the forest grew green again.</p><br>
<p>Illegal animals were another source of forest destruction. There were mafias that used to use this forest as the grazing safari and hence all new plantation failed because of abundant illegal grazing. 864 Animals in this period were ejected from the forest on self-help basis as legislation for the same is still pending although a summary has been approved by the CM in this regard already.</p><br>
<p>To tackle the political and social mafias, the current administration kept a close liaison with the Chunian Cantt authorities who deployed army patrolling teams in the forest to help forest staff control the damage, illicit grazing and snubbing of notorious habitual offenders.</p><br>
<p>Two row boundary planting of large sized plants along the 39 km boundary of the plantation including improvement of boundary road for patrolling has been completed. Barbed wire fencing of 30 km along with the RCC posts on the boundary of the forest to check illegal movement has been completed. Planting of 9 km large sized ornamental plants along tram line for aesthetic view of the visitors has been completed. Construction of main gates on the boundary of plantation to stop illegal movement has been completed. Construction of boundary wall with iron grill around forest park to secure 5000 Rft park area and 7050 Rft on the Wankhara side has been completed as well.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, afforestation of new plants were done in 1500 acre blank area. It is pertinent to mention that an additional 4000 acres is still pending afforestation that is expected to be started by next year. However, 150000 poplar plants have been recently planted on the road sides to give the forest a better look. In the same period 52 FIRs have been registered, however most of them are still pending investigation as the accused are, either themselves or family members of, prominent political figures of area including Ch Mehmood Anwar and Rana Muhammad Ishaq Khan belonging to ruling party of Punjab.</p><br>
<p>Changa Manga has long been waiting for all this. Now when things are back on track; it shall be expected that the authorities will not turn a blind eye towards affairs and will help forest administration in preventing culprits from further destroying the forest. Similarly, it is also recommended that encouragement rewards may be given to the current administration for doing honest efforts to save the forest.</p><br>
<p>Isla Espíritu Santo is an island in the Gulf of California, off the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. It is separated from Isla Partida by a narrow canal.</p><br>
<p>It has a land area of 80.763 km&sup2, the 12th-largest island in Mexico. Isla Partida&#39;s land area is 15.495 km&sup2;. They are part of La Paz Municipality and are both a short boat trip from La Paz on the Baja California Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Biosphere</h2><br>
<p>The area is protected as part of the Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna - Islas del Golfo de California (APFF-IGC), and is an important eco-tourism destination. It was declared part of a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1995. Espíritu Santo is the only known habitat of the black jackrabbit. The islands are both uninhabited. Ensenada Grande beach, on Isla Partida, was voted the most beautiful beach in Mexico by The Travel Magazine and one of the top 12 beaches in the world. Sea kayaking is a popular activity around the island.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding reefs are home to parrotfish, angelfish, trumpetfish, Moorish idols, and rainbow wrasse, while many other species pass nearby including sharks, rays, turtles, dolphins, and even whales. Birds include brown pelicans, great blue herons, snowy egrets, turkey vultures, and hummingbirds. A large sea lion colony resides on Los Islotes, off the north tip of the islands; snorkeling with the females and young is a highlight of many tours.</p><br>
<p>Chimney Tops is a mountain in the central Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 4,724 ft above sea level. It is one of the park&#39;s most recognizable geological structures and a popular hiking destination.</p><br>
<p>Chimney Tops is a double-capstone knob on the eastern slope of the Sugarland Mountain massif. This massif stretches north-to-south across the north-central section of the Smokies. Mount Le Conte dominates the area immediately east of Chimney Tops, and Mt. Mingus rises to the southeast. Thus, while the view from the summit is 360 degrees, Chimney Tops is practically "walled in" on three sides.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Chimney Tops is one of the few instances of a bare rock summit in the Smokies. Over the centuries, the bedrock atop the mountain has been exposed through natural weathering of the upper layers of soil strata. This rock is mostly Anakeesta Formation metamorphic rock, especially slate, phyllite, and metasiltsone. The grainy, contorted capstones offer excellent footholds and handholds for climbing.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the Appalachian Mountains, Chimney Tops was formed 200 million years ago when the North American and African plates collided during the Appalachian orogeny.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cherokee name for Chimney Tops is Duniskwalgunyi, or "forked antler", referring to its resemblance to the antlers of a deer. In the Cherokee legend "Aganunitsi and the Uktena", the captured medicine man, Aganunitsi, in exchange for his freedom, searches remote parts of the Smokies in hopes of finding the giant reptile, the Uktena, and seizing a powerful amulet from its forehead. In his quest, Aganunitsi searches distant gaps and peaks in the Smokies before he "went on to Duniskwalgunyi, the Gap of the Forked Antler, and to the enchanted lake of Atagahi, and at each found monstrous reptiles, but he said they were nothing."</p><br>
<p>The Road Prong Trail, which follows the stream of the same name at the base of Chimney Tops, is one of the oldest trails in the Smokies. In the 18th and 19th centuries, this ancient path was known commonly as the Indian Gap Trail. In 1832, the Oconaluftee Turnpike was constructed between Indian Gap and Smokemont. This road was expanded during the Civil War by Cherokee leader Col. Will Thomas, running parallel to the modern trail.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s current name was probably given to it by residents of the Sugarlands, a valley to the north of the mountain that was home to a small Appalachian community before the national park was formed. Before the Sugarlands was reforested, Chimney Tops was clearly visible from most of the valley. Local legend even suggested that the top of the mountain was covered in soot.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>By far the most common route to the top of Chimney Tops is the Chimney Tops Trail, which can be accessed about 6.9 miles south/east of the Sugarlands Visitor Center on Newfound Gap Road (US-441). While the trailhead is clearly marked, it shouldn&#39;t be confused with the Chimneys Picnic Area, which is a few miles to the north. The trail ends at the foot of the south capstone (the higher of the two), but various unmaintained spurs cross over to the lower summit.</p><br>
<p>Another route is to follow the Appalachian Trail west from Newfound Gap to the Road Prong Trail. The Road Prong Trail, following the river at the base of the mountain, connects the Appalachian Trail with the Chimney Tops Trail. This route is twice as long as the route from the Chimney Tops parking lot.</p><br>
<p>While no technical gear is needed, a short climb is necessary to reach the top of the capstones. From the summit, Mount Le Conte and Mount Kephart dominate the view to the east and Sugarland Mountain dominates the view to the west. On a clear day, the Sugarlands valley is visible to the north.</p><br>
<p>A severe fire in late 2016 led to closure of many trails in the Great Smoky Mountains, including in the Chimney Tops area.</p><br>
<p>Lake Elmenteita, also spelled Elementaita, is a soda lake, in the Great Rift Valley, about 120 km northwest of Nairobi, Kenya.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Elmenteita is derived from the Masaai word muteita, meaning "dust place", a reference to the dryness and dustyness of the area, especially between January and March. The town of Gilgil is near the lake. In the south-to-north sequence of Rift Valley lakes, Elmenteita is between Lake Naivasha and Lake Nakuru. The major Nairobi-Nakuru highway (A104 Road) runs along the nearby escarpment affording motorists a spectacular vista towards the lake.Today the lake is a protected area due to its birdlife fame and also it has been named as one of the heritage sites together with the Lake Nakuru and Lake Bogoria by UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>At the southern end of the lake are the "Kekopey" hot springs, in which the Tilapia grahami breed. Very popular for bathing, the local Maasai claim that it can cure AIDS. The reed beds nearby are fishing grounds for night herons and pelicans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Elmenteita area saw its first white settlement when Lord Delamere (1879-1931) established Soysambu, a 48,000 acre ranch, on the western side of the lake. Delamere gifted the land on the other side of the lake to his brother-in-law, the Honorable Galbraith Lowry Egerton Cole (1881-1929), part of whose "Kekopey Ranch", where he is buried, is preserved today as the Lake Elementaita Lodge.</p><br>
<p>Soysambu ranch is still occupied by Lord Delamere&#39;s descendants, including the controversial Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley who has been instrumental in setting up the Soysambu conservancy. The conservancy covers 2/3 of the shoreline and is home to over 12000 wild animals.</p><br>
<p>Lake Elmenteita has been a Ramsar site since 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Over 400 bird species have been recorded in the Lake Nakuru/Lake Elmenteita basin. Elmenteita attracts visiting flamingoes, both the Greater and Lesser varieties, which feed on the lake&#39;s crustacean and insect larvae and on its suspended blue-green algae, respectively. Tilapia were introduced to the lake from Lake Magadi in 1962 and since that time the flamingo population has dwindled considerably. The tilapia attract many fish-eating birds that also feed upon the flamingo eggs and chicks. Over a million birds that formerly bred at Elmenteita are now said to have sought refuge at Lake Natron in Tanzania.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s shores are grazed by zebra, gazelle, eland and families of warthog.</p><br>
<p>The lake is normally very shallow (less than 1 m deep) and bordered by trona-encrusted mudflats during the dry seasons. During the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, Lake Elmenteita was at times united with an expanded Lake Nakuru, forming a much larger dilute lake. Remnants of the former joined lake are preserved as sediments at various locations around the lake basins, including former shorelines.</p><br>
<p>Recently the lake level and number of flamingoes has receded as increased human activity has dried up catchment areas.</p><br>
<h2>Associated sites</h2><br>
<p>Nearby is the Kariandusi Museum, at an important prehistoric site where stone handaxes and cleavers were discovered in 1929 by Louis Leakey.</p><br>
<p>Elmenteita Badlands is a lava flow to the south of the lake, covered in bush and including some spectacularly scenic peaks.</p><br>
<p>Watertown is an unincorporated community in southwestern Watertown Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 45787. It lies near the intersection of State Routes 339 and 676 near Wolf Creek, which meets the Muskingum River at Waterford to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A post office called Watertown was established in 1826, and remained in operation until 1993. The first postmaster also was the town&#39;s first merchant when he opened a store in 1828.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as a historic district, the "Watertown Historic District." Seventy-five buildings compose the district: three are built of brick, and the rest are white weatherboarded structures. Most of the contributing properties were built after the Civil War and before World War I. The importance of the district is derived from the architecture of most of its houses, largely because local carpenters made extensive use of Stick-Eastlake ornamental elements in their designs.</p><br>
<p>Coal Run is an unincorporated community in northeastern Waterford Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 45721. It is located along State Route 60 between the villages of Beverly and Lowell. The Muskingum River flows past the community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coal Run was laid out and platted in 1838, and named after a nearby stream of the same name noted for its coal deposits. A post office called Coal Run was established in 1837, and remained in operation until 1997.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Coal Run was declared a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eighty-seven buildings in the community, plus two other non-building sites, compose the historic district, which covers an area of approximately 138 acre. A range of architectural styles are present in the district, including the Federal and Victorian styles. Varied as well are the uses of the buildings: many houses are present, but shops, a post office, and a cemetery are also included within its boundaries. One of the community&#39;s residences is known as the Mason House; built in 1802, it is listed on the National Register by itself as well as qualifying as a contributing property to the district.</p><br>
<p>The Mast General Store, located in Historic Valle Crucis, is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as one of the best remaining examples of an old country general store. It is still the center of the community housing the post office  and offering coffee for 5¢ on the honor system. There is even a large wood stove you can sit around on cold days swapping stories or playing a game of checkers. It remains true to the old-time general store from the 19th century by offering items that its neighbors might need, as well as products of interest to travelers and other visitors. Today there are nine locations, including the Original Store and Annex, both located in Valle Crucis, North Carolina. The store sells commodities, such as old-time hearth and home goods, outdoor clothing and gear, footwear, work clothes, old-fashioned wind-up toys, regional books and music, honey, and more than 500 varieties of old-fashioned candy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that would become Mast General Store was constructed in 1882 by Henry Taylor and opened in 1883. W.W. Mast purchased half interest in the store in 1897, and the store was renamed the "Taylor and Mast General Store". In 1913, Mast purchased the remaining half of Taylor&#39;s interest, and the business became known as the Mast General Store. The business stayed in the family through three generations until, in 1973, it was sold to a doctor from Atlanta and a professor from Appalachian State University.</p><br>
<p>The business closed its doors in 1977. It would remain closed until John and Faye Cooper purchased and reopened it in June 1980. In 1996, Mast General Store became an employee-owned company.</p><br>
<p>The first store outside of the Valle Crucis area was opened in 1988 in Boone. It was followed by three more stores, for a total of six Mast General Stores in North Carolina. A Waynesville location opened in 1991, Hendersonville in August 1995, Asheville in 1999. A smaller concept store, Mast Store Candy and More opened in Blowing Rock in March 2005 and has since closed. March 2003 would see the first opening of a store outside of North Carolina, with a store opened in Greenville, South Carolina. A store on Gay Street in Downtown Knoxville, Tennessee opened in August 2006. The ninth Mast General Store was opened on May 25, 2011, in Columbia, South Carolina. The tenth and newest store opened in Winston-Salem NC in May 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Valle Crucis Mast General Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1973. North Carolina has recognized the valley in which it is located as the first Rural Historic District. It also won the L. Vincent Lowe, Jr. Business Award from Preservation North Carolina in 1998. This award is given to businesses that make special efforts to assist and/or promote historic preservation in North Carolina It is located in the Valle Crucis Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Green Power</h2><br>
<p>The Mast General Store committed to purchasing 3.6 million kilowatt-hours per year of "Green Energy" in 2006. Traditional fossil fuel would create 750,000 pounds of carbon dioxide to generate the same amount of electricity. This commitment was part of a campaign by NCGreenPower to expand the use of renewable energy in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Akanthos  was an ancient Greek city on the Athos peninsula. It was located near the modern town of Ierissos on the north-east side of Akti, on the most eastern peninsula of Chalcidice. Strabo and Ptolemy erroneously place Acanthus on the Singitic Gulf, but there can be no doubt that the town was on the Strymonian Gulf, as is stated by Herodotus and other authorities: the error may have perhaps arisen from the territory of Acanthus having stretched as far as the Singitic Gulf. The name of the ancient city  is due to the thorny nature of the area or to the thorny nature of the town&#39;s foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Foundation</h3><br>
<p>It was founded by 7th century BC (the archaeology suggests 655 BC) by colonists from Andros, according to Thucydides. Plutarch, on the other hand, referred to it as a mixed colony of Andrians and local Chalcidians, which was founded on the "Coast of Drakontos", in place of a preexisting civilization. He writes that settlers from Andros and Chalcis arrived on the shore at the same time. The natives of Acanthus, seeing the crowd of settlers, became frightened and left the city. The settlers sent an explorer each to see what had happened and, as they approached the city and realized it was empty, ran to be the first to take over the land for their fellow countrymen. The Chalcidian was the fastest but the Andrian, seeing he was losing, stopped and threw his spear on the wall&#39;s gate, before his opponent arrived. A court case followed, which was won by the Andrians, because as they protested, they had just about taken over the city first.</p><br>
<h3>Growth</h3><br>
<p>Its growth during the Archaic period is reflected by the wide circulation of its currency, first minted around 530 BCE with the distinctive emblem of a lion killing a bull – perhaps linked to Herodotus’s account (vii. 125) that on the march of Xerxes from Acanthus to Therma, lions seized the camels which carried the provisions - at least 92 different types of coins have been found. Its economic resources emanated from the mining and wood from the nearby forests, but also through agricultural and vegetable goods that were transported through the sizable harbor.</p><br>
<p>The first historical reference, in Thuycidides, from mid-5th century BC, connects the city with the Persian Wars, during which the townsfolk officially welcomed the Persians and willingly helped with the digging of the canal for Xerxes, 480 BC, for which Xerxes richly rewarded them. They declared one of his relatives who died in the area, named Artahei, a hero, and willingly took part in the expedition against Greece. After the Persian wars Acanthus became a member of the Athenian Alliance, paying tribute of three talents. In 424 BCE, after a short siege and oratory by Brasidas, the city was convinced to ally itself with the Spartans, although Thucydides remarks the greater likelihood that it was the threat to destroy their profitable vineyards, rather than Brasidas&#39;s rhetoric, that truly moved the Acanthians.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<h3>4th to 2nd centuries BCE</h3><br>
<p>In the initial phase of the establishment of the Chalcidice League, it was mainly smaller towns and cities in Macedonia that were enrolled. Only when it was firmly established was an offer made to Acanthus. When this was refuse a second offer was made but with the threat that force would be used should Acanthus refuse to join the federation. The townsfolk refused to join it, in part due to the old quarrel with the Chalcidians. Under threat from the Chalcidians, Acanthus called in Spartas help, which came in 382 BC when the Spartans and Acanthians captured and destroyed Olynthos and the alliance, at least temporarily. Acanthuss staying-out of the alliance meant that in 350 BC, when it was conquered by Philip II of Macedon, it was not destroyed. Later it was incorporated to the region of Ouranoupolis, a new city that was founded by Alexarchos (Cassander&#39;s brother), in the isthmus, between the Strymoinan and the Singitic gulfs.</p><br>
<p>According to Livy, Acanthus was attacked by a Roman-Pergamene fleet in 199 BC during the Second Macedonian War and then besieged, captured and sacked by Rome in 168 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Roman period</h3><br>
<p>The Romans later exploited all the natural sources of wealth and its harbor, and the town continued through the Roman and Byzantine period. In Roman times is attested epigraphically the existence of a Roman community attracted mainly by the rich mines of this region Around the start of the 1st century, Acanthus&#39;s renaming began, with its name translated into the Latin Ericius, from which was derived its Byzantine and modern name of Ierissos or Erissos.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city extended along a sheer hillside, about 0.6 km south-east of modern Ierissos. Remains of walls, an impressive citadel, and Hellenistic buildings survive, along with a deserted Byzantine church and two post Byzantine churches.</p><br>
<h3>Necropolis</h3><br>
<p>The city itself has not been excavated, but the necropolis (graveyard) has, starting in 1973, since when more than 600 graves have been discovered. Particularly extensive is the sight of the cemetery along the seaside of Ierissos.</p><br>
<p>The graveyard seems to have been used for a long period, starting from the Archaic period (or perhaps even the 17th century BCE) right up to Roman times and later, perhaps with certain intervals in between each period of time. The graves occur in at least two or three layers, either shallow in the earth, or deeper in the sand, usually parallel with the line of the seashore. The orientation of the dead (that is, skulls of the dead - and the tops of jugs) is, in most cases, southeast.</p><br>
<p>In Acanthus both adults and children were buried in the same area according to ancient burial customs. Various grave types have been discovered - some are simple dirt holes, others coated with clay or undecorated or painted clay urns, yet others are shaped like boxes, covered in clay or jug-shaped (jug-shaped most probably constituted the majority of infant or child burials). The grave goods, usually placed in the graves next to or above the dead, are varied and sometimes in earthen containers. Often they were personal or related to their occupation (such as jewels, pins, buckles, mirrors, weapons - though these are rare -, needles, hooks, bill-hooks, knives or - very often in female and child graves - clay figurines representing various animals, foodstuffs, or human forms, such as actors). Some of the goods are locally made whilst some are from other commercial centres and workshops of the ancient world. Burial customs, and similar types of graves which have been discovered, resemble many other cemeteries in other ancient Greek cities of Macedonia and Thrace. This Reveals the connection they had through trade with them as well as with the other well-known centres of southern Greece (especially Euboea, Athens, Corinth and Boeotia).</p><br>
<p>Gelai Volcano stands at 2,942 m tall and is located in Tanzania in the Crater Highlands region. It is at the southeastern edge of Lake Natron in the East African Rift. Volcanic activity on Gelai dates to less than one million years ago. A number of earthquakes occurred in the area in the summer of 2007. Associated with the largest earthquake on 17 July a NNE-oriented fracture or narrow graben formed on the southern flank of Gelai. The fracture may be associated with the intrusion of a narrow dike at a depth of around 4,000 m.</p><br>
<p>The volcano falls within a game-controlled area that extends east to Longido, where hunting is permitted. This has caused an increase in the numbers of animals in the area due to anti poaching efforts provided by revenue from hunters.</p><br>
<p>Vail Lake is a large reservoir in western Riverside County, southern California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is located on Temecula Creek, in the Butterfield Valley, south of Oak Mountain, of the Black Hills, in the Santa Margarita River watershed. It is approximately 15 mi east of Temecula.</p><br>
<p>Vail Lake covers approximately 1,100 acres (4.5 km²) and has a storage capacity of 51,000 acre.ft, although it currently contains about 34,000 acre.ft of water.</p><br>
<p>Vail Lake is supplied by storm water runoff from Kolb, Temecula, and Wilson Creeks. Surface water stored in the lake is used to help replenish local ground water supplies through recharge operations.</p><br>
<p>Land near Vail Lake is the only known native habitat of the endemic and endangered flowering shrub Ceanothus ophiochilus, which was named the Vail Lake ceanothus when it was discovered in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was created in 1948 when the owners of the Vail Ranch constructed the 132 ft high Vail Lake Dam, which has been owned and operated by the Rancho California Water District since 1978.</p><br>
<p>The property surrounding Vail Lake is privately owned, and recreational access to the lake is privately controlled. The Butterfield Country Recreation Park was established in 1968 to provide public access to the lake and its marina, but the park was closed by its owners in 1989. In 1995, a members-only resort facility was opened at the location of the former park; and in 2000, the area was re-opened to the public on an annual-fee basis. Recreational activities at Vail Lake include fishing, boating, RV, mountain biking, miniature golf and swimming.</p><br>
<p>Golden Lake is a body of water located in Renfrew County Ontario, located on the Bonnechere River approximately 25 km southwest of Pembroke, Ontario. It is bounded by the Township of North Algona-Wilberforce, the Township of Bonnechere Valley and Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn First Nation.</p><br>
<p>Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin, the Algonquin Way Cultural Centre is located at 1674 Mishomis Inamo, Pikwakanagan First Nation.</p><br>
<p>The lake is made up of three sections, with the largest section at the western end of the lake, followed by a slightly smaller section to the east, and finally a much smaller section at the eastern end of the lake, where it flows into the Bonnechere River.</p><br>
<p>Golden Lake is known for its smallmouth bass and Northern pike fishing, and has a smooth, sandy bottom in most places. The lake reportedly got its name from the flecks of pyrite or "fool&#39;s gold" that can be seen glinting on the bottom of the lake near the shore. Not far from Golden Lake is another lake called Lake Doré, which is French for "lake of gold."</p><br>
<p>Ierissos  is a small town on the east coast of the Akti peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. It is located 160 km from Thessaloniki, and 10km from the border of the Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain, or Mount Athos. It is the site of Ancient city and former bishopric Hierissus, and as such remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Ferries run from Ierissos to the east coast of Mount Athos.</p><br>
<p>Since the 2011 local government reform Ierissos has been the seat of the municipality of Aristotelis, and of the municipal unit of Stagira-Akanthos.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The name of Ierissos is derived from the Latin Ericius, a translation of Akanthos, the name of the ancient city (also Latinized as Achantus) located 0.6 km north west of the modern town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Achantus, near mount Athos, was an Ancient Greek city in the Roman province of Macedonia Prima (civil diocese of Macedonia))</p><br>
<p>During the Byzantine era Erissos was the seat of a bishopric, evidenced from 883 (see below). From the 10th century onwards, the towns history is indissolubly linked with that of Mount Athos. In 942 there were disputes between Ierissos and the monks of Mount Athos over the borders between Ierissos and the monastic communitys lands and, the following year, the differences were settled in person by a large commission of major politicians and church officials.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1425, Ierissos came into the hands of the Turks. During that time the Venetians, starting from Cassandreia, landed on the coastline of Ierissos, burnt down the settlement (by then only a large village) and its surroundings and (on departure) set alight the castle and five towers. Under Ottoman rule, Ierissos was one of the privileged Mademochoria. In 1821 Ierissos took part in the Greek War of Independence and during the repression the village was burnt down by the Turks and a large number of residents killed.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 the village was destroyed by a powerful earthquake, with 121 people killed and approximately 500 injured. After the earthquake the new Ierissos was built in its current position, a little north west of the ancient city.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>The bishopric was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Thessalonica, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.</p><br>
<p>Its only historically documented bishop was Elia, flourishing in 1054, known from a seal</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese was nominally restored in 1927 as Latin Catholic Titular bishopric of Hierisus (Latin) / Geriso (Curiate Italian; ). It was renamed in 1929 Hierissus (Latin) / Geriso (dropped in 1933) or Gerisso (Italian) / Hierissen(sis) (Latin adjective).</p><br>
<p>It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Giuseppe Antonio Caruso (1928.07.06 – death 1930.01.03) as emeritate; previously Bishop of Cariati (Italy) (1919.03.10 – 1927.08.26), Bishop of Oppido Mamertina (Italy) (1927.08.26 – 1928.07.06)</p><br>
<p>Teodoro Eugenín Barrientos, Picpus Fathers (SS.CC.) (1931.04.10 – death 1974.12.24), first as Apostolic Administrator of the then permanent Apostolic Administration of Valdivia (Chile, now a diocese) (1931.04.10 – 1942.06.20), then as Military Vicar of Chile (Chile) (1942.06.20 – retired 1959.12.21) and on emeritate.</p><br>
<p>Orchomenus or Orchomenos  was an ancient city of Arcadia, Greece, called by Thucydides  the Arcadian Orchomenus , to distinguish it from the Boeotian town.</p><br>
<p>Orchomenos was a prehistoric settlement and became one of the powerful cities in West Arcadia along with Tegea and Mantineia. The heyday of the city was between 7th-6th century BC and it became a rich city which minted its own currency.</p><br>
<p>Its ruins are near the modern village of Orchomenos (before 1963: Καλπάκι, Kalpaki).</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>Orchomenos was initially established at the foot of the acropolis on a plain surrounded on every side by mountains. Later the settlement was built on the mountain where the most important monuments of the city have been found.</p><br>
<p>The modern village of Orchomenos stands on the site of lower Orchomenus.</p><br>
<p>This plain was bounded on the south by a low range of hills, called Anchisia, which separated it from the territory of Mantineia: on the north by a lofty chain, called Oligyrtus, through which lie the passes into the territories of Pheneus and Stymphalus, and on the east and west by two parallel chains running from north to south.</p><br>
<p>The plain is divided into two by hills projecting from the eastern and western ranges, and which approach so close as to allow space for only a narrow ravine between them. Upon the summit of the western hill stood the acropolis of Orchomenus, nearly 900 m high, resembling the strong fortress of Messenian Ithome and, like the latter, commanding two plains. The waters of the southern part of the plain run through the ravine into the northern plain where, as there is no outlet for the waters, they formed a large lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Orchomenus is mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet of polymelos (πολύμηλος) which meant "abundant in sheep," and it is also called ferax by Ovid, and ἀφνεός by Apollonius Rhodius</p><br>
<p>Pausanias relates that Orchomenus was founded by an eponymous hero, the son of Lycaon; but there was a tradition that, on the death of Arcas, his dominions were divided among his three sons, of whom Elatus obtained Orchomenus as his portion. The kings of Orchomenus are said to have ruled over nearly all Arcadia. Pausanias also gives a list of the kings of Orchomenus, whom he represents at the same time as kings of Arcadia. One of these kings, Aristocrates, the son of Aechmis, was stoned to death by his people for violating the virgin priestess of Artemis Hymnia. Aristocrates was succeeded by his son Hicetas, and Hicetas by his son Aristocrates II who, having abandoned the Messenians in the second war against Sparta, experienced the fate of his grandfather being stoned to death by the Arcadians. He appears to have been the last king of Orchomenus, who reigned over Arcadia, but his family was not deprived of the kingdom of Orchomenus as is stated in some authorities since we find his son Aristodemus represented as king of the city. It would appear, indeed, that royalty continued to exist at Orchomenus long after its abolition in most other Greek cities, since Theophilus related that Peisistratus, king of Orchomenus, was put to death by the aristocracy in the Peloponnesian War.</p><br>
<p>In the Persian Wars, Orchomenus sent 120 men to Thermopylae, and 600 to Plataea. In the Peloponnesian War, the Lacedaemonians deposited in Orchomenus the hostages they had taken from the Arcadians; but the walls of the city were then in a dilapidated state; and accordingly, when the Athenians and their Peloponnesian allies advanced against the city in 418 BCE, the Orchomenians dared not offer resistance, and surrendered the hostages.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the foundation of Megalopolis, we find the Orchomenians exercising supremacy over Theisoa, Methydrium, and Teuthis; but the inhabitants of these cities were then transferred to Megalopolis, and their territories assigned to the latter. The Orchomenians, through their enmity to the Mantineians, refused to join the Arcadian confederacy, and made war upon the Mantineians. Henceforth, Orchomenus lost its political importance; but, from its commanding situation, its possession was frequently an object of the belligerent powers in later times.</p><br>
<p>In the war between Cassander and Polyperchon, it fell into the power of the former, 313 BC. It subsequently espoused the side of the Aetolians, made an agreement with the Achaean League under a ruler named Nearchus around 234 BC, was taken by Cleomenes III in 229 BC with the aquiescence of the Aetolians, and was in 223 BC retaken by Antigonus Doson, who placed there a Macedonian garrison. Later, under Roman pressure, it was given back by Philip V to the Achaeans.</p><br>
<p>Strabo mentions it among the Arcadian cities, which had either disappeared, or of which there were scarcely any traces left; but this appears from Pausanias to have been an exaggeration. Pausanias (writing in the 2nd c. AD) mentions, amongst other monuments, that close to the city was a wooden statue of Artemis, enclosed in a great cedar tree, and hence called Cedreatis.</p><br>
<p>When the 19th century classicist William Smith visited the place the old city on the acropolis was in ruins and there were only some vestiges of the agora and the town walls.</p><br>
<h2>Ruins</h2><br>
<p>Many monuments were revealed during the excavations and can be admired today including the theatre, the remains of the ancient agora, the city walls and the temple of Artemis Mesopolitis. Other monuments identified during the excavations are a Bouleuterion, a prehistoric tomb and a bridge of the Archaic Period.</p><br>
<p>The most important monument is the theatre (4th-3rd BC) with a capacity of 4000. At an altitude of 800 metres it offered a spectacular view during cultural events.</p><br>
<p>Pausanias described the temples of Artemis and Poseidon as among the most remarkable monuments.</p><br>
<p>Approaching the town from the south one can see tumuli on the left, chiefly composed of collections of stones as described by Pausanias. Below the acropolis is the tomb of Aristocrates and beyond are the fountains called Teneiae (Τενεῖαι) which Pausanias mentions (writing in the 2nd c. AD) as one of the most remarkable objects in the place. A little further are the Hellenistic ruins of Amilus.</p><br>
<p>On the southern plain is an ancient canal which conducts the waters from the surrounding mountains through the ravine into the lower northern plain.</p><br>
<p>At Katalimata is a prehistoric settlement with prehistoric drainage facilities. At “Mytikas” Paleopyrgou there is a Mycenaean settlement and ancient sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>In the territory of Orchomenus on the northern slope of Mt. Anchisia was the temple of Artemis Hymnia which was held in high veneration by all the Arcadians in the most ancient times. Its site is probably indicated by a chapel of the Virgin Mary, which stands east of Levidi.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Governor&#39;s Mansion, also known as the Cheesman-Boettcher Mansion, is a historic USA mansion in Denver, Colorado. It is located at 400 East 8th Avenue. On December 3, 1969, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is open free-of-charge for scheduled tours, and also hosts special public events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building is located in Denver on the southeast corner of 8th Avenue and Logan Street. The exact address is 400 E. 8th Avenue. The Governor&#39;s Mansion is also known as the Cheesman-Evans-Boettcher Mansion for its former owners.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1908 after a design by Denver architects Willis A. Marean and Albert J. Norton. The house was originally built as a residence for the widow and the daughter of Denver real estate tycoon Walter Scott Cheesman.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designed to accommodate two families. On November 8, 1908, Cheesmans daughter, Gladys, married John Evans II, the grandson of John Evans, the second territorial governor of Colorado. The widowed mother and young couple lived together until the birth of the Evans first child, after which they relocated. On January 2, 1923, Alice Foster Sanger Cheesman died.</p><br>
<p>Claude K. Boettcher purchased the mansion on February 23, 1923. Boettcher was the head of a financial empire that eventually included sugar, livestock, cement, potash, steel, securities, utilities, and transportation. Boettcher was famous for his lavish parties which included President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. Boettcher died on June 9, 1957, and his wife in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by the Boettcher Foundation. The foundation offered the house to the State of Colorado as an Executive Residence. The building needed a great deal of work, and its fate remained uncertain for nine months in 1959 as three agencies of the State rejected the offer. On the last day of 1959, Governor Stephen McNichols accepted the building as a gift to the state.</p><br>
<p>From then until January, 2011, it has been the residence of Governors Stephen L.R. McNichols, John Love, John D.Vanderhoof, Richard D. Lamm, Roy R. Romer, William Owens, and William Ritter. The building was restored in the 1980s under the direction of Edward D. White Jr. Upon taking office in January, 2011, Governor John Hickenlooper and his family decided to maintain their private residence in Denver instead of moving to the Governor&#39;s Mansion.</p><br>
<p>Following his divorce from his wife, Hickenlooper decided to live in the mansion on a part-time basis.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Cheesman-Evans-Boettcher Mansion is a formal, late Georgian Revival house. The building is surrounded by a wrought iron fence with cannonball finials on the brick posts. The walls of the mansion are red brick. There is a white wooden frosting under a hipped roof with prominent gabled dormers. The cornice is pedimented and dentiled. The west side portico has massive, two-story fluted Ionic columns. There is a dramatic entry way with grouped columns that support a porch which becomes a balustraded second-story balcony. The semicircular sunroom was added by suggestion of Mrs. Cheesman in 1915, and it overlooks a small park now known as "Governor&#39;s Park".</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Kentucky Governor&#39;s Mansion is a historic residence in Frankfort, Kentucky. It is located at the East lawn of the Capitol, at the end of Capital Avenue. On February 1, 1972, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places. Kentucky Governor, Matt Bevin, and his family currently reside in the mansion.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1912–14 to be the governors mansion, to designs submitted by Weber, Werner & Adkins of Cincinnati, Ohio; besides the Kentuckian architects normally credited with the design, the brothers Chris C. and Edward A. Weber (1875–1929) of Fort Thomas, partners in the firm included G.S. Werner, and J.S. Adkins. The brothers Weber were selected from among four firms invited to submit plans. The new mansion replaced the Old Governors Mansion, built in 1798, which still stands, at 420 High Street, Frankfort. The Act specified that the new mansion should be "constructed, trimmed and finished with native stone produced from quarries in Kentucky." The Beaux-Arts design owed a great deal to the Petit Trianon at Versailles&#39; interiors were in neoclassical French taste. The landscaping design for the mansion was developed and implemented by William Speed of Louisville.</p><br>
<p>The Governors Mansion Preservation Foundation is a charitable trust that is charged with conservation of the historic structure. The Governors Mansion is regularly open for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi Governors Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Mississippi. It is located in downtown Jackson, Mississippi, south of the Mississippi State Capitol, at the south end of Smith Park. Completed in 1841 to a design by state architect William Nichols, it is the second-oldest governors residence in active use in the nation, and a prominent example of Greek Revival architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mississippi Governors Mansion is located three blocks south of the Mississippi State Capitol, on 2.4 acre that take up an entire city block, bounded by East Amite, North Congress, East Capitol, and North West Streets. Its formal entrance is oriented south towards East Capitol Street, while a secondary entrance faces north toward Smith Park, Jacksons oldest public park, which occupies the next city block to the north. It is a two-story masonry structure painted white, basically rectangular in plan. Its front facade is five bays wide, each bay articulated by pilasters with scrolled capitals; bays on the side elevations are separated by doubled pilasters. The center bay is larger, and is fronted by a two-story half-round portico supported by four columns. A full entablature encircles the building, ending in a dentillated cornice below the roof line. The rear entrance, set at the back of a modern two-story ell, is sheltered by a single-story Greek temple portico with four columns, entablature, and gabled pediment.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the mansions original main block contains many original features, although there are also elements that have been reproduced, a product of restoration work after incompatible changes were made to the building in the 19th and 20th centuries. The main entrance leads into an octagonal vestibule with scuplture niches in four walls, entrances to parlors on the sides, and passage to the main stair at the back. The modern wing at the back of the house provides amenities for the governors family, and serves as its living quarters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was designed by William Nichols, then in his capacity as state architect. Nichols was at the same time supervising the construction of what is now the Old Mississippi State Capitol. Construction was begun in 1839 and completed in 1841; its first occupant was Governor Tilghman Tucker in 1842. It has been used continuously since then as the governors residence, except during periods of renovation; the only older governors residence of longer use is that of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>During the 1860s the building was fitted with gas lighting, which resulted in damage to woodwork and plasterwork, and some of its wooden fireplace surrounds were replaced by marble ones. In the early 20th century there was talk of replacing the mansion, but the state decided instead to renovate and enlarge the structure. A two-story addition was made to the rear in 1908–09, plumbing was added to the main block, and the main stair was rebuilt to accommodate access to the addition. In the 1970s it again needed major refurbishment, owing in part to inadequate support for the 1908 addition. It was torn down, and a new and larger steel-frame addition was made. The interior of the main block underwent some restoration to bring it back to its original early 19th-century appearance, including the removal of visible pipes, while also adding modern conveniences such as air conditioning.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is open for free guided tours most Tuesday through Friday mornings, unless there are official functions or other uses of the building scheduled. Certain types of educational non-profit organizations may hold events at the mansion; a fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Governor&#39;s Mansion is a historic USA residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May 21, 1969, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Missouri State Capitol Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The current site on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River was the vicinity of the first Jefferson City Missouri State Capitol building from 1825 to 1837 after the capitol was relocated from St. Charles, Missouri to Jefferson City. The capitol burned in 1837 and was rebuilt at its current site a block to the west.</p><br>
<p>The current Neo-Renaissance structure was built in 1871 at a cost of $75,000 and has served every governor since. It was renovated extensively during the administration of Governor Kit Bond in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First mansion</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the relocation of the state capital to Jefferson City, the first governors who were from the St. Louis, Missouri/St. Charles, Missouri area lived in their private homes and if the need arose they rented homes in St. Charles.</p><br>
<p>The first Jefferson City governor&#39;s mansion also doubled as the home for the Missouri General Assembly, with the Missouri House of Representatives meeting on the ground floor, the Missouri State Senate on the second floor and the governor living in two rooms.</p><br>
<p>The structure, which was 60 by 40 ft, was completed in November 1826 at a cost of $20,000. The building was designed by Stephen Hills and was modeled on the first Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Hill later designed Academic Hall at the University of Missouri (of which now remains only the landmark columns on the Francis Quadrangle.</p><br>
<h3>Second mansion</h3><br>
<p>Missouri&#39;s second governor Daniel Dunklin after being elected in 1832 refused to move his family to the building. Construction of a new $5,000 mansion began in the autumn of 1833 and was completed in 1834. It was at the end of the same block as the original mansion/capitol. It had dimensions of 48 by 30 ft and a portico with four. The building survived the November 15, 1837 fire that destroyed the neighboring capitol when wet blankets were applied to the roof of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The mansion suffered a fire in the 1840s during the administration of Thomas Reynolds. Reynolds killed himself in the mansion in 1844. A sofa with pineapple-shaped legs belonging to Reynolds is now one of the oldest pieces of furniture in the current mansion.</p><br>
<p>Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart initiated a campaign to build a new residence. Stewart rode a horse up the steps into the house and ordered a servant to feed it a peck of oats. Stewart also pardoned all the women in the state prison and had them work in the mansion. The General Assembly allocated $20,000 for a new mansion but, the American Civil War interrupted the plan.</p><br>
<h3>Current mansion</h3><br>
<p>After B. Gratz Brown assumed office in 1871 several people said they would not come to large gatherings at the mansion because they feared disaster. In March 1871 the Assembly allocated $50,000 for a new mansion. George Ingham Barnett (whose work includes most of the buildings at the Missouri Botanical Garden built for Henry Shaw) was the architect.</p><br>
<p>Major exterior features of the 66 ft square, three-story red brick building are the 13 ft mansard roof and four pink granite columns from Brown&#39;s quarry in Iron County, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The most striking interior feature is the Grand Stairway carved of walnut.</p><br>
<p>The first of the major renovations occurred in the 1890s under Governor David Rowland Francis; they included painting the bricks deep red to cover soot stains.</p><br>
<p>The next major renovation occurred under Lloyd C. Stark in which $55,000 was allocated to replace the columns supporting the Grand Stairway with steel brackets. The exterior was painted white and the Starks donated 3,000 plants from their nursery.</p><br>
<p>During Kit Bond&#39;s administration in the 1980s the mansion was renovated extensively in an attempt to restore it to an 1871 appearance including the addition of Renaissance Revival style of furniture and restoration of the pink brick exterior.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Free guided tours are provided by volunteer docents. The Missouri Governor&#39;s Mansion tours are open April through mid-May. Tours begin every 15 minutes from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation.</p><br>
